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Mechanical, thermal, and curing characteristics of renewable phenol-hydroxymethylfurfural resin for application in bio-composites

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Abstract

Fiberglass-reinforced composites composed of a matrix based on novolac-type phenol-hydroxymethylfurfural (PHMF) resins were developed. Using hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as a cross-linker, the curing process of the PHMF–HMTA was monitored by thermogravimetric analysis–FTIR analysis, and no formaldehyde emission was detected. The influence of hardener addition from 10–20 wt% was evaluated by mechanical properties, thermal stabilities, and thermochemical properties. Tensile and flexural strengths were as high as 115 and 145 MPa, respectively. The results revealed that the addition of HMTA to PHMF resin led to higher thermal stability of the resin, increased FRC tensile strength and crosslink density. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that ~15 wt% HMTA addition is optimal. This study demonstrated that PHMF resin can be used as a polymer matrix for the production of green composites with zero formaldehyde emission upon heating.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the financial support of the NSERC/FPInnovations Industrial Research Chair Program in Forest Biorefinery, Grant IRCSA413630-09, and funding of the Ontario Research Fund-Research Excellence (ORF-RE), Grant IRCPJ413631-09. They are grateful also for the support of the industrial partners including FPInnovations, Arclin Canada, and BioIndustrial Innovation Centre is also acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Western University, London, ON, N6GA5B9, Canada

    Yongsheng Zhang, Malaya Nanda, Matthew Tymchyshyn, Zhongshun Yuan & Chunbao Xu

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  1. Yongsheng Zhang
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  2. Malaya Nanda
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  3. Matthew Tymchyshyn
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  4. Zhongshun Yuan
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  5. Chunbao Xu
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Correspondence to Zhongshun Yuan or Chunbao Xu.

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Zhang, Y., Nanda, M., Tymchyshyn, M. et al. Mechanical, thermal, and curing characteristics of renewable phenol-hydroxymethylfurfural resin for application in bio-composites. J Mater Sci 51, 732–738 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9392-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9392-3

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