Abstract
(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 (BKT) powders were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction using anatase TiO2 and Bi(OH)3 under a strong alkaline condition of [KOH] = 12 M. The reaction at 200 °C for 3 h provided a mixture of BKT and Ti-rich fibrous amorphous phases. The single-phase BKT powder with a particle size of 200 nm was successfully obtained by applying a two-step temperature profile for the reaction, which consists of temperature rising up to 160 °C and subsequent holing at 110 °C for 6 h. It was found that washing treatment of the hydrothermal BKT powder with deionized water caused leaching of K+ ions, resulting in the thermal decomposition of the powder during high-temperature heat treatment. It was a key to use ethanol for the washing treatment for preventing the K+ ion leaching. The ceramic sample fabricated by the ordinary firing of the hydrothermal BKT powder at 1060 °C for 2 h had a high density of 94.5 % and showed superior dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Buhrer CF (1962) Some properties of bismuth perovskites. J Chem Phys 36:798–803
Sasaki A, Chiba T, Mamiya Y, Otsuki Etsuo (1999) Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 systems. Jpn J Appl Phys 38:5564–5567
Zuo R, Fang X, Ye C, Li L (2007) Phase transitional behavior and piezoelectric properties of lead-free (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3 ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 90:2424–2428
Matsuo H, Noguchi Y, Miyayama M, Suzuki M, Watanabe A, Sasabe S, Ozaki T, Mori S, Torii S, Kamiyama T (2010) Structural and piezoelectric properties of high-density (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3-BiFeO3 ceramics. J Appl Phys 108:104103
Hiruma Y, Aoyagi R, Nagata H, Takenaka T (2005) Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 ceramics. Jpn J Appl Phys 44:5040–5044
Hiruma Y, Nagata H, Takenaka T (2007) Grain-size effect on electrical properties of (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 ceramics. Jpn J Appl Phys 46:1081–1084
Tabuchi K, Nagata H, Takenaka T (2013) Fabrication and electrical properties of potassium excess and poor (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 ceramics. J Ceram Soc Jpn 121:623–626
Nagata H, Saitoh M, Hiruma Y, Takenaka T (2010) Fabrication and piezoelectric properties of textured (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 ferroelectric ceramics. Jpn J Appl Phys 49:09MD08
Rao PVB, Ramana EV, Sankaram TB (2009) Electrical properties of K0.5Bi0.5TiO3. J Alloys Compd 467:293–298
Nagata H, Tabuchi K, Takenaka T (2013) Fabrication and electrical properties of multilayer ceramic actuator using lead-free (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3. Jpn J Appl Phys 52:09KD05
König J, Spreitzer M, Jančar B, Suvorov D, Samardžija Z, Popovič A (2009) The thermal decomposition of K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 29:1695–1701
Tabuchi K, Inoue Y, Nagata H, Takenaka T (2013) Effects of starting raw materials for fabricating dense (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 ceramics. Ferroelectrics 457:124–130
Yoshimura M, Byrappa K (2007) Hydrothermal processing of materials: past, present and future. J Mater Sci 43:2085–2103. doi:10.1007/s10853-007-1853-x
Lencka MM, Oledzka M, Riman RE (2000) Hydrothermal synthesis of sodium and potassium bismuth titanates. Chem Mater 12:1323–1330
Kanie K, Numamoto Y, Tsukamoto S, Sasaki T, Nakaya M, Tani J, Takahashi H, Muramatsu A (2011) Size-controlled hydrothermal synthesis of bismuth sodium and bismuth potassium titanates fine particles and application to lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. Mater Trans 52:1396–1401
Hou L, Hou Y-D, Song X-M, Zhu M-K, Wang H, Yan H (2006) Sol-gel-hydrothermal synthesis and sintering of K0.5Bi0.5TiO3 nanowires. Mater Res Bull 41:1330–1336
Lim JB, Suvorov D, Kim M-H, Jeon J-H (2012) Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of (Bi, K)TiO3 ferroelectrics. Mater Lett 67:286–288
Masaki N, Uchida S, Yamane H, Sato T (2000) Hydrothermal synthesis of potassium titanates in Ti-KOH-H2O system. J Mater Sci 35:3307–3311. doi:10.1023/A:1004835724752
Barnum DW (1983) Hydrolysis of cations. Formation constants and standard free energies of formation of hydroxy complexes. Inorg Chem 22:2297–2305
Lencka MM, Riman RE (1993) Synthesis of lead titanate: thermodynamic modeling and experimental verification. J Am Ceram Soc 76:2649–2659
Maeda T, Hemsel T, Morita T (2011) Improved process for hydrothermal lead-free piezoelectric powders and performances of sintered (K0.48Na0.52)NbO3 ceramics. Jpn J Appl Phys 50:07HC01
Yoon D-H, Lee BI, Badheka P, Wang X (2003) Barium ion leaching from barium titanate powder in water. J Mater Sci 14:165–169. doi:10.1023/A:1022306024907
Wang C-M, Wang J-F (2008) Aurivillius phase potassium bismuth titanate: K0.5Bi4.5Ti4O15. J Am Ceram Soc 91:918–923
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up (No. 25889049) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hagiwara, M., Fujihara, S. Fabrication of dense (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3 ceramics using hydrothermally derived fine powders. J Mater Sci 50, 5970–5977 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9144-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9144-4