Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Biodegradable starch-based composites: effect of micro and nanoreinforcements on composite properties

  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrix was reinforced with various kenaf bast cellulose nanofiber loadings (0–10 wt%). Thin films were prepared by casting and evaporating the mixture of aqueous suspension of nanofibers (NFs), starch, and glycerol which underwent gelatinization process at the same time. Moreover, raw fibers (RFs) reinforced TPS films were prepared with the same contents and conditions. The effects of filler type and loading on different characteristics of prepared materials were studied using transmission and scanning electron microscopies, X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and moisture absorption analysis. Obtained results showed a homogeneous dispersion of NFs within the TPS matrix and strong association between the filler and matrix. Moreover, addition of nanoreinforcements decreased the moisture sensitivity of the TPS film significantly. About 20 % decrease in moisture content at equilibrium was observed with addition of 10 wt% NFs while this value was only 5.7 % for the respective RFs reinforced film.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  1. Carvalho AJ (2008) Starch: major sources, properties and applications as thermoplastic materials. In: Mohamed Naceur Belgacem AG (ed) Monomers, polymers and composites from renewable resources. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 321–342

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. SK Patil (2009) Global modified starch derivatives markets a strategic review. http://www.marketresearch.com/S-K-Patil-and-Associates-v3203/Global-Modified-Starch-Derivatives-strategic-7083413/1-98

  3. Lay G, Rehm J, Stepto RF et al (1992) Polymer compositions containing destructurized starch. US Patent 5,095,054. US Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC

  4. Kumar AP, Singh RP (2008) Biocomposites of cellulose reinforced starch: improvement of properties by photo-induced crosslinking. Bioresour Technol 99:8803–8809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. EdM Teixeira D, Pasquini AA Curvelo, Corradini E, Belgacem MN, Dufresne A (2009) Cassava bagasse cellulose nanofibrils reinforced thermoplastic cassava starch. Carbohydr Polym 78:422–431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lu Y, Weng L, Cao X (2005) Biocomposites of plasticized starch reinforced with cellulose crystallites from cottonseed linter. Macromol Biosci 5:1101–1107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Cao X, Chen Y, Chang P, Muir A, Falk G (2008) Starch-based nanocomposites reinforced with flax cellulose nanocrystals. Express Polym Lett 2:502–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cao X, Chen Y, Chang PR, Stumborg M, Huneault MA (2008) Green composites reinforced with hemp nanocrystals in plasticized starch. J Appl Polym Sci 109:3804–3810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kaushik A, Singh M, Verma G (2010) Green nanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and steam exploded cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw. Carbohydr Polym 82:337–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lu Y, Weng L, Cao X (2006) Morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of ramie crystallites—reinforced plasticized starch biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 63:198–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zainuddin SYZ, Ahmad I, Kargarzadeh H, Abdullah I, Dufresne A (2012) Potential of using multiscale kenaf fibers as reinforcing filler in cassava starch-kenaf biocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 92:2299–2305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Karimi S, Tahir PM, Karimi A, Dufresne A, Abdulkhani A (2014) Kenaf bast cellulosic fibers hierarchy: a comprehensive approach from micro to nano. Carbohydr Polym 101:878–885

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Vergnaud JM (1991) Liquid transport processes in polymeric materials: modeling and industrial applications. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  14. Soykeabkaew N, Laosat N, Ngaokla A, Yodsuwan N, Tunkasiri T (2012) Reinforcing potential of micro- and nano-sized fibers in the starch-based biocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 72:845–852

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Martins IM, Magina SP, Oliveira L et al (2009) New biocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and bacterial cellulose. Compos Sci Technol 69:2163–2168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Angles MN, Dufresne A (2000) Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nanocomposites. 1. Structural analysis, Macromolecules 33:8344–8353

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Chang PR, Jian R, Zheng P, Yu J, Ma X (2010) Preparation and properties of glycerol plasticized-starch (GPS)/cellulose nanoparticle (CN) composites. Carbohydr Polym 79:301–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. García NL, Ribba L, Dufresne A, Aranguren M, Goyanes S (2011) Effect of glycerol on the morphology of nanocomposites made from thermoplastic starch and starch nanocrystals. Carbohydr Polym 84:203–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jiang W, Qiao X, Sun K (2006) Mechanical and thermal properties of thermoplastic acetylated starch/poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) blends. Carbohydr Polym 65:139–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Cyras VP, Tolosa Zenklusen MC, Vazquez A (2006) Relationship between structure and properties of modified potato starch biodegradable films. J Appl Polym Sci 101:4313–4319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ashori A, Harun J, Raverty WD, Yusoff MNM (2006) Chemical and morphological characteristics of Malaysian cultivated kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) fiber. Polym Plast Technol Eng 45:131–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yang H, Yan R, Chen H, Lee DH, Zheng C (2007) Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86:1781–1788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Jonoobi M, Harun J, Shakeri A, Misra M, Oksman K (2009) Chemical composition, crystallinity, and thermal degradation of bleached and unbleached kenaf bast (Hibiscus cannabinus) pulp and nanofibers. BioResources 4:626–639

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rosa MF, Medeiros ES, Malmonge JA et al (2010) Cellulose nanowhiskers from coconut husk fibers: effect of preparation conditions on their thermal and morphological behavior. Carbohydr Polym 81:83–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Savadekar N, Mhaske S (2012) Synthesis of nano cellulose fibers and effect on thermoplastics starch based films. Carbohydr Polym 89:146–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen Y, Cao X, Chang PR, Huneault MA (2008) Comparative study on the films of poly (vinyl alcohol)/pea starch nanocrystals and poly (vinyl alcohol)/native pea starch. Carbohydr Polym 73:8–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. García NL, Ribba L, Dufresne A, Aranguren MI, Goyanes S (2009) Physico-mechanical properties of biodegradable starch nanocomposites. Macromol Mater Eng 294:169–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Khalil H, Ismail H, Rozman H, Ahmad M (2001) The effect of acetylation on interfacial shear strength between plant fibres and various matrices. Eur Polymer J 37:1037–1045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Le Troedec M, Sedan D, Peyratout C et al (2008) Influence of various chemical treatments on the composition and structure of hemp fibres. Compos A 39:514–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Nacos M, Katapodis P, Pappas C et al (2006) Kenaf xylan–a source of biologically active acidic oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 66:126–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhang Y, Han J (2006) Plasticization of pea starch films with monosaccharides and polyols. J Food Sci 71:253–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Klemm D, Heublein B, Fink HP, Bohn A (2005) Cellulose: fascinating biopolymer and sustainable raw material. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:3358–3393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rindlava Å, Hulleman SH, Gatenholma P (1997) Formation of starch films with varying crystallinity. Carbohydr Polym 34:25–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Dufresne A, Dupeyre D, Vignon MR (2000) Cellulose microfibrils from potato tuber cells: processing and characterization of starch–cellulose microfibril composites. J Appl Polym Sci 76:2080–2092

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank Mrs. Ashraf Zohrabi for her sincere assistance in preparing nanocomposite samples. Many thanks are expressed to Mr. Mehdi Hassani for his faithful support and help in editing the manuscript. The institute of tropical forestry and forest products (INTROP) is acknowledged for financial and technical support of the research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Samaneh Karimi, Paridah Md. Tahir & Ali Karimi

  2. Grenoble Institute of Technology, The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (PAGORA), CS10065, 38402, Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France

    Alain Dufresne

  3. Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 31585-43114, Karaj, Iran

    Ali Karimi & Ali Abdulkhani

Authors
  1. Samaneh Karimi
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alain Dufresne
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paridah Md. Tahir
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ali Karimi
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ali Abdulkhani
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Samaneh Karimi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Karimi, S., Dufresne, A., Md. Tahir, P. et al. Biodegradable starch-based composites: effect of micro and nanoreinforcements on composite properties. J Mater Sci 49, 4513–4521 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8151-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8151-1

Keywords

Profiles

  1. Alain Dufresne View author profile
  2. Ali Abdulkhani View author profile