Abstract
The hierarchical titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) was synthesized by the steam-assisted dry gel conversion method in one step and characterized by XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption, UV–Vis, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopies. And its catalytic activity was tested for ammoxidation of methyl ethyl ketone with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The results show that the amount of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) as template has a major influence on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the hierarchical TS-1 prepared. When lower amount of TPAOH (TPAOH/SiO2 = 0.08 mol) was used, hierarchical TS-1 can be successfully synthesized. With an increase in TPAOH amount in synthesis solution, the crystal size of TS-1 is decreased and mesoporous surface area is increased; if the excess template was used in the synthesis of TS-1, more extra-framework Ti would be formed in the TS-1 samples prepared. The hierarchical TS-1 exhibits higher catalytic activity than TS-1 prepared hydrothermally for ammoxidation of methyl ethyl ketone. Using hierarchical TS-1 synthesized under TPAOH/SiO2 = 0.18 as the catalyst, which has more tetrahedrally coordinated Ti species in the TS-1 framework, 94.2 % conversion of reactant and 100 % selectivity to methyl ethyl ketone oxime can be obtained after 2 h of reaction at 70 °C.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Corma A, Camblor MA, Esteve P, Martinez A, Perezpariente J (1994) Activity of Ti-beta catalyst for the selective oxidation of alkenes and alkanes. J Catal 145:151–158
Wu P, Tatsumi T, Komatsu T, Yashima T (2001) A novel titanosilicate with MWW structure: II. Catalytic properties in the selective oxidation of alkenes. J Catal 202:245
Zhuang J, Yang G, Ma D, Lan X, Liu X, Han X, Bao X, Mueller U (2004) In situ magnetic resonance investigation of styrene oxidation over TS-1 zeolites. Angew Chem Lnt Ed 43:6377–6381
Liu C, Huang J, Sun D, Zhou Y, Jing X, Du M, Wang H, Li Q (2013) Anatase type extra-framework titanium in TS-1: a vital factor influencing the catalytic activity toward styrene epoxidation. Appl Catal A 459:1–7
Serrano DP, Sanz R, Pizarro P, Peral A, Moreno I (2013) Improvement of the hierarchical TS-1 properties by silanization of protozeolitic units in presence of alcohols. Micropor Mesopor Mater 166:59–66
Zuo Y, Song W, Dai C, He Y, Wang M, Wang X, Guo X (2013) Modification of small-crystal titanium silicalite-1 with organic bases: recrystallization and catalytic properties in the hydroxylation of phenol. Appl Catal A 453:272–279
Peng H, Xu L, Wu H, Zhang K, Wu P (2013) One-pot synthesis of benzamide over a robust tandem catalyst based on center radially fibrous silica encapsulated TS-1. Chem Commun 49:2709–2711
Serrano DP, Sanz R, Pizarro P, Morenoa I, Medina S (2014) Hierarchical TS-1 zeolite as an efficient catalyst for oxidative desulphurization of hydrocarbon fractions. Appl Catal B Environ 146:35–42
Li YG, Lee YM, Porter JF (2002) The synthesis and characterization of titanium silicalite-1. J Mater Sci 37:1959–1965. doi:10.1023/A:1015234812360
Berube F, Kleitz F, Kaliaguine S (2009) Surface properties and epoxidation catalytic activity of Ti-SBA15 prepared by direct synthesis. J Mater Sci 44:6727–6735. doi:10.1007/s10853-009-3566-9
Fang YM, Hu HQ (2007) Mesoporous TS-1: nanocasting synthesis with CMK-3 as template and its performance in catalytic oxidation of aromatic thiophene. Catal Commun 8:817–820
Ok DY, Jiang N, Prasetyanto EA, Jin H, Park SE (2011) Epoxidation of cyclic-olefins over carbon template mesoporous TS-1. Micropor Mesopor Mater 141:2–7
Wang XX, Li G, Wang WH, Jin CZ, Chen YY (2011) Synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of hierarchical TS-1 with carbon template from sucrose carbonization. Micropor Mesopor Mater 142:494–502
Xin HC, Zhao J, Xu ST, Li J, Zhang WP, Guo XW, Hensen EJM, Yang QH, Li C (2010) Enhanced catalytic oxidation by hierarchically structured TS-1 zeolite. J Phys Chem C 114:6553–6559
Garro R, Navarro MT, Primo J, Corma A (2005) Lewis acid-containing mesoporous molecular sieves as solid efficient catalysts for solvent-free Mukaiyama-type aldol condensation. J Catal 233:342–350
Kustova MY, Hasselriis P, Christensen CH (2004) Mesoporous MEL-type zeolite single crystal catalysts. Catal Lett 96:205–211
Na K, Jo C, Kim J, Cho K, Jung J, Seo Y, Messinger RJ, Chmelka BF, Ryoo R (2011) Directing zeolite structures into hierarchically nanoporous architectures. Science 333:328–332
Yue MB, Sun MN, Xie F, Ren DD (2014) Dry-gel synthesis of hierarchical TS-1 zeolite by using P123 and polyurethane foam as template. Micropor Mesopor Mater 183:177–184
Wang Z, Xu L, Jiang J, Liu Y, He M, Wu P (2012) One-pot synthesis of catalytically active and mechanically robust mesoporous TS-1 microspheres with the aid of triblock copolymer. Micropor Mesopor Mater 156:106–114
Wang W, Li G, Liu L, Chen Y (2012) Titanium silicalite synthesized by dry gel conversion method and its catalytic performance. Chin J Catal 33:1236–1241
Moller K, Yilmaz B, Jacubinas RM, Muller U, Bein T (2011) One-step synthesis of hierarchical zeolite beta via network formation of uniform nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 133:5284–5295
Yue M, Yang N, Wang Y (2012) Synthesis of shaped ZSM-5 zeolites by dry-gel conversion with seed gel as directing agent. Acta Phys Chim Sin 28:2115–2121
Wang W, Li G, Liu L, Chen Y (2013) Synthesis and catalytic performance of hierarchical TS-1 directly using agricultural products sucrose as meso/macropores template. Micropor Mesopor Mater 179:165–171
Cheneviere YH, Chieux F, Caps V, Tuel A (2010) Synthesis and catalytic properties of TS-1 with mesoporous/microporous hierarchical structures obtained in the presence of amphiphilic organosilanes. J Catal 269:161–168
Xu W, Dong J, Li J, Wu F (1990) A novel method for the preparation of zeolite ZSM-5. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 10:755–756
Ke X, Xu L, Zeng L, Zhang L, Xu N (2007) Synthesis of mesoporous TS-1 by hydrothermal and steam-assisted dry gel conversion techniques with the aid of triethanolamine. Micropor Mesopor Mater 106:68–75
Ke X, Zeng C, Yao J, Zhang L, Xu N (2008) Synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 nanocrystals on silica nanofibers by steam-assisted dry gel conversion technique. Mater Lett 62:3316–3318
Zhang H, Liu Y, Jiao Z, Yuan M, Wu P, He M (2009) Effect of seeds on the dry–gel synthesis and catalytic performance of titanosilicalite-1. J Chin Ceram Soc 37:453–457
Wei HJ, Zhao T, Liu YQ, Li GH, Wang XY, Li BJ (2013) Synthesis of TS-1 submicrocrystals from inorganic reactants by a seed method for the vapor Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime. RSC Adv 3:20811–20813
Chen L, Wang YM, He MY (2011) Hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical titanium silicalite-1 using single template. Mater Res Bull 46:698–701
Reichinger M, Schmidt WB, van den Berg MWE, Aerts A, Martens JA, Kirschhock CEA, Gies H, Grunert W (2010) Alkene epoxidation with mesoporous materials assembled from TS-1 seeds-Is there a hierarchical pore system. J Catal 269:367–375
Serrano D, Sanz R, Pizarro P, Moreno I (2009) Turning TS-1 zeolite into a highly active catalyst for olefin epoxidation with organic hydroperoxides. Chem Commun 11:1407–1409
Silvestre-Albero A, Grau-Atienza A, Serrano E, Garcia-Martinez J, Silvestre-Albero J (2014) Desilication of TS-1 zeolite for the oxidation of bulky molecules. Catal Commun 44:35–39
Tsai ST, Chao PY, Tsai TC, Wang IK, Liu XX, Guo XW (2009) Effects of pore structure of post-treated TS-1 on phenol hydroxylation. Catal Today 148:174–178
Zhou J, Hua Z, Cui X, Ye Z, Cui F, Shi J (2010) Hierarchical mesoporous TS-1 zeolite a highly active and extraordinarily stable catalyst for the selective oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol. Chem Commun 46:4994–4996
Huang D, Zhang X, Chen B, Chao Z (2010) Ethanol-assistant synthesis of TS-1 containing no extra-framework Ti species. Catal Today 158:510–514
Jorda E, Tuel A, Teissier R, Kervennal J (1997) TiF4: an original and very interesting precursor to the synthesis of titanium containing silicalite-1. Zeolites 19:238–245
Luo S, Chen T, Zeng Y, Wang G (2008) Titanium-silicate mesoporous molecular sieves progress in chemistry 20:212–220
Salomon E, Borjas G, Katsutoshi Y, Atsushi M (2008) Synthesis of Ti-beta via mechanochemical route. J Mater Sci 43:2367–2371. doi:10.1007/s10853-007-2104-x
Perego C, Carati A, Ingallina P, Mantegazza MA, Bellussi G (2001) Production of titanium containing molecular sieves and their application in catalysis. Appl Catal A 221:63–72
Petrini G, Cesana A, Alberti GD, Genoni F, Leofanti G et al (1991) Deactivation phenomena on Ti-silicalite. Stud Surf Sci Catal 68:761–766
Blasco T, Camblor MA, Coma A, Perez-Pariente J (1993) The state of Ti in titanoaluminosilicates isomorphous with zeolite β. J Am Chem Soc 115:11806–11813
Vayssilov GN (1997) Review: structural and physicochemical features of titanium silicalites. Catal Rev Sci Eng 39:209–251
Taramasso M, Perego G, Notari B (1983) Preparation of porous crystalline synthetic material comprised of silicon and titanium oxides. US Patent 4410501
Orlov A, Zhai QZ, Klinowski J (2006) Photocatalytic properties of the SBA-15 mesoporous silica molecular sieve modified with titanium. J Mater Sci 41:2187–2193. doi:10.1007/s10853-006-7184-5
Kumar P, Gupta JK, Muralidhar G, Prasada Rao TSR (1998) Acidity studies on titanium silicalites-1 (TS-1) by ammonia adsorption using microcalorimetry. Stud Surf Sci Catal 113:463–472
Li C, Xiong G, Liu J, Ying P, Qin X, Feng Z (2001) Identifying framework titanium in TS-1 zeolite by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 105:2993–2997
Jakkapan S, Jumras L (2013) Mechanisms of the ammonia oxidation by hydrogen peroxide over the perfect and defective Ti species of TS-1 zeolite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:18093–18100
Ding JH, Xu L, Xu H, Wu HH, Liu YM, Wu P (2013) Highly efficient synthesis of methyl ethyl ketone oxime through ammoxidation over Ti-MOR catalyst. Chin J Catal 34:243–250
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB732300).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, M., Liu, X., Wang, Y. et al. Synthesis and catalytic ammoxidation performance of hierarchical TS-1 prepared by steam-assisted dry gel conversion method: the effect of TPAOH amount. J Mater Sci 49, 4341–4348 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8130-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8130-6