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Ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosets, and rubbers

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Abstract

The disposal of worn tyres and their economic recycling mean a great challenge nowadays. Material recycling is the preferred way supported by legislative actions and economical/ecological arguments. This paper surveys the recent developments devoted to the reclamation, surface treatments, and to the use of ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosetting resins, and rubber formulations. This review discloses also the principle underlying compatibilization to improve the adhesion of GTR to the corresponding matrix. It was concluded that value-added application of GTR can especially be expected in thermoplastic elastomers, and rubber combinations.

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Abbreviations

K c :

Critical stress intensity factor (MPa m1/2)

M100:

Modulus at 100 % elongation (MPa)

M200:

Modulus at 200 % elongation (MPa)

M300:

Modulus at 300 % elongation (MPa)

p :

Pressure (MPa)

T :

Temperature (°C)

t :

Time (min)

T g :

Glass transition temperature (°C)

TM:

Tensile modulus (MPa)

TS:

Tensile strength (MPa)

UE:

Elongation at break (%)

ABS:

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer

Al:

Aluminum

AN:

Acrylonitrile

ANN:

Artificial neural network

ATBN:

Amine-terminated liquid NBR

BR:

Butadiene rubber

CB:

Carbon black

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CPE:

Chlorinated polyethylene

CR:

Chloroprene rubber

CTBN:

Carboxyl-terminated liquid nitrile rubber

DOE:

Design of experiment

EAA:

Ethylene acrylic acid

EB:

Electron beam

EBA:

Ethylene butyl acrylatecopolymer

EGMA:

Ethylene glycidyl methacrylate

ENR:

Epoxidized natural rubber

EP:

Epoxy resin

EPDM:

Ethylene–propylene–diene rubber

EPR:

Ethylene–propylene rubber

EVA:

Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer

GF:

Glass fiber

GMA:

Glycidyl methacrylate

GTR:

Ground tyre rubber

GTR-g-MA:

Ground tyre rubber grafted by maleic anhydride

H:

Hydrogen

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

H2SO4 :

Sulfuric acid

HClO4 :

Perchloric acid

HDPE:

High density polyethylene

HDPE-g-MA:

High density polyethylene grafted by maleic anhydride

HDT:

Heat distortion temperature

HEBM:

High energy ball milling

HNO3 :

Nitric acid

HPHTS:

High-pressure high-temperature sintering

IIR:

Isobutylene isoprene rubber

IPN:

Interpenetrating network

IR:

Isoprene rubber

KMnO4 :

Potassium permanganate

LDPE:

Low density polyethylene

LLDPE:

Linear low density polyethylene

MA:

Maleic anhydride

MAA:

Methacrylic acid

MFI:

Melt flow index

MSBR:

Butadiene methylstyrene rubber

MW:

Molecular weight

N:

Nitrogen

NBR:

Nitrile butadiene rubber

NR:

Natural rubber

PA6:

Polyamide 6

PBT:

Polybutylene terephthalate

PE:

Polyethylene

PE-g-MA:

Polyethylene grafted by maleic anhydride

POE:

Polyoctane ethylene

PP:

Polypropylene

PP–GF:

Glass fiber reinforced polypropylene

PP-g-MA:

Polypropylene grafted by maleic anhydride

PP-g-GMA:

Polypropylene grafted by glycidyl methacrylate

PS:

Polystyrene

PU:

Polyurethane

PVC:

Polyvinyl chloride

rHDPE:

Recycled high density polyethylene

rLDPE:

Recycled low density polyethylene

RT:

Room temperature

SBR:

Styrene/butadiene rubber

SBS-g-MA:

Styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer grafted by maleic anhydride

SEBS:

Styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene

SEBS-g-MA:

Styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene grafted by maleic anhydride

SGF:

Short glass fiber

SSSE:

Solid-state shear extrusion

SSSM:

Solid-state shear milling

TDV:

Thermoplastic dynamic vulcanizate

TPE:

Thermoplastic elastomer

TPU:

Thermoplastic polyurethane

UP:

Unsaturated polyester resin

UV:

Ultraviolet irradiation

XLDPE:

Crosslinked low density polyethylene

ZnO:

Zinc oxide

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  1. Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary

    J. Karger-Kocsis, L. Mészáros & T. Bárány

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Karger-Kocsis, J., Mészáros, L. & Bárány, T. Ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosets, and rubbers. J Mater Sci 48, 1–38 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6564-2

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