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Synthesis and characterization of porous κ-carrageenan/calcium phosphate nanocomposite scaffolds

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Abstract

The polysaccharide κ-carrageenan was used in the production of macroporous composites containing nanosized hydroxyapatite, with potential application in bone tissue engineering. Biodegradable composite scaffolds were prepared combining in situ co-precipitation of calcium phosphates with a freeze-drying technique. The effect of the Ca/P molar ratio and total ceramic content on the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical performance of the scaffolds were investigated by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, He porosimetry and compressive tests. A mixture of amorphous calcium phosphates and/or nanosized calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite was obtained in most of the composites. The formation of hydroxyapatite was induced by higher Ca/P ratios, probably due to competing reticulation of the biopolymer with calcium cations. The composite scaffolds presented interconnected pores (50–400 μm) and porosity around 97% and calcium phosphates were uniformly dispersed in the κ-carrageenan matrix. Both microstructure and compressive mechanical properties of the scaffolds were affected by the ceramic content and, for a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67, maximum compressive strength was achieved for a ceramic content of ca. 25 wt%. Above this value the structural integrity of the composite was damaged and a dramatic decrease in mechanical strength was verified. Compressive mechanical properties of the composites were improved by increasing Ca/P atom ratio.

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Acknowledgements

The help of Dr. J. A. T. Lopes da Silva in the execution of the compressive mechanical tests and of Dr. D. Evtyugin in the determination of molecular weight of κ-carrageenan are gratefully acknowledged. A. L. Daniel da Silva thanks CICECO-Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos, University of Aveiro, Portugal, for funding this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Ana Luísa Daniel-da-Silva & Ana M. Gil

  2. Department of Ceramics and Glass Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Augusto B. Lopes & Rui N. Correia

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  1. Ana Luísa Daniel-da-Silva
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  2. Augusto B. Lopes
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  3. Ana M. Gil
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  4. Rui N. Correia
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Correspondence to Ana Luísa Daniel-da-Silva.

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Daniel-da-Silva, A.L., Lopes, A.B., Gil, A.M. et al. Synthesis and characterization of porous κ-carrageenan/calcium phosphate nanocomposite scaffolds. J Mater Sci 42, 8581–8591 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1851-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1851-z

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