Abstract
Size Theory has proven to be a useful framework for shape analysis in the context of pattern recognition. Its main tool is a shape descriptor called size function. Size Theory has been mostly developed in the 1-dimensional setting, meaning that shapes are studied with respect to functions, defined on the studied objects, with values in ℝ. The potentialities of the k-dimensional setting, that is using functions with values in ℝk, were not explored until now for lack of an efficient computational approach. In this paper we provide the theoretical results leading to a concise and complete shape descriptor also in the multidimensional case. This is possible because we prove that in Size Theory the comparison of multidimensional size functions can be reduced to the 1-dimensional case by a suitable change of variables. Indeed, a foliation in half-planes can be given, such that the restriction of a multidimensional size function to each of these half-planes turns out to be a classical size function in two scalar variables. This leads to the definition of a new distance between multidimensional size functions, and to the proof of their stability with respect to that distance. Experiments are carried out to show the feasibility of the method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackermann, W.: Zum Hilbertschen Aufbau der reellen Zahlen. Math. Ann. 99, 118–133 (1928)
Allili, M., Corriveau, D., Ziou, D.: Morse homology descriptor for shape characterization. ICPR’04 4, 27–30 (2004)
Biasotti, S., De Floriani, L., Falcidieno, B., Frosini, P., Giorgi, D., Landi, C., Papaleo, L., Spagnuolo, M.: Describing shapes by geometrical–topological properties of real functions, ACM Comput. Surv. (2008, to appear)
Blum, H.: A transformation for extracting new descriptors of shape. In: Wathen-Dunn, W. (ed.) Models for the Perception of Speech and Visual Form, Boston, November 1964, pp. 362–380. The MIT Press, Cambridge (1967)
Cagliari, F., Ferri, M., Pozzi, P.: Size functions from a categorical viewpoint. Acta Appl. Math. 67, 225–235 (2001)
Carlsson, G., Zomorodian, A.: The theory of multidimensional persistence. In: Proc. of SCG’07, Gyeongju, South Korea, 6–8 June 2007
Cerri, A., Ferri, M., Giorgi, D.: Retrieval of trademark images by means of size functions. Graph. Models 68, 451–471 (2006)
Cerri, A., Frosini, P., Landi, C.: A global reduction method for multidimensional size graphs. Electron. Not. Discrete Math. 26, 21–28 (2006)
Cerri, A., Giorgi, D., Muse, P., Sur, F., Tomassini, F.: Shape recognition via an a contrario model for size functions. In: Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4141, pp. 410–421. Springer, Berlin (2006)
Cohen-Steiner, D., Edelsbrunner, H., Harer, J.: Stability of persistence diagrams. In: Proc. 21st Symp. Comput. Geom., pp. 263–271 (2005)
Cohen-Steiner, D., Edelsbrunner, H., Harer, J.: Stability of persistence diagrams. Discrete Comput. Geom. 37, 103–120 (2007)
Cohen-Steiner, D., Edelsbrunner, H., Morozov, D.: Vines and vineyards by updating persistence in linear time. In: SCG’06, Sedona, Arizona, USA, 5–7 June 2006
d’Amico, M.: A new optimal algorithm for computing size function of shapes. In: Proc. CVPRIP Algorithms III, International Conference on Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, pp. 107–110 (2000)
d’Amico, M., Frosini, P., Landi, C.: Natural pseudo-distance and optimal matching between reduced size functions. Tech. Rep. 66, DISMI, Univ. degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy (2005), see also arXiv:0804.3500v1
d’Amico, M., Frosini, P., Landi, C.: Using matching distance in size theory: a survey. Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. 16(5), 154–161 (2006)
Dibos, F., Frosini, P., Pasquignon, D.: The use of size functions for comparison of shapes through differential invariants. J. Math. Imaging Vis. 21(2), 107–118 (2004)
Donatini, P., Frosini, P.: Natural pseudodistances between closed manifolds. Forum Math. 16(5), 695–715 (2004)
Donatini, P., Frosini, P.: Lower bounds for natural pseudodistances via size functions. Arch. Inequal. Appl. 2(1), 1–12 (2004)
Donatini, P., Frosini, P.: Natural pseudodistances between closed surfaces. J. Eur. Math. Society 9, 231–253 (2007)
Donatini, P., Frosini, P.: Natural pseudodistances between closed curves, Forum Math. (2008, to appear)
Donatini, P., Frosini, P., Landi, C.: Deformation energy for size functions. In: Hancock, E.R., Pelillo, M. (eds.) Proceedings Second International Workshop EMMCVPR’99. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1654, pp. 44–53. Springer, Berlin (1999)
Eckhardt, U., Latecki, L.J.: Topologies for the digital spaces ℤ2 and ℤ3. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 90, 295–312 (2003)
Edelsbrunner, H., Letscher, D., Zomorodian, A.: Topological persistence and simplification. In: Proc. 41st Ann. IEEE Symp. Found. Comput. Sci., pp. 454–463 (2000)
Edelsbrunner, H., Letscher, D., Zomorodian, A.: Topological persistence and simplification. Discrete Comput. Geom. 28, 511–533 (2002)
Freeman, H., Morse, S.P.: On searching a contour map for a given terrain profile. J. Frankl. Inst. 248, 1–25 (1967)
Frosini, P.: A distance for similarity classes of submanifolds of a Euclidean space. Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 42(3), 407–416 (1990)
Frosini, P.: Measuring shapes by size functions. In: Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision X: Algorithms and Techniques, Boston, MA. Proc. of SPIE, vol. 1607, pp. 122–133 (1991)
Frosini, P.: Connections between size functions and critical points. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 19, 555–569 (1996)
Frosini, P., Landi, C.: Size theory as a topological tool for computer vision. Pattern Recognit. Image Anal. 9, 596–603 (1999)
Frosini, P., Landi, C.: Size functions and formal series. Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput. 12, 327–349 (2001)
Frosini, P., Mulazzani, M.: Size homotopy groups for computation of natural size distances. Bull. Belg. Math. Soc. 6, 455–464 (1999)
Frosini, P., Pittore, M.: New methods for reducing size graphs. Int. J. Comput. Math. 70, 505–517 (1999)
Handouyaya, M., Ziou, D., Wang, S.: Sign language recognition using moment-based size functions. In: Proc. of Vision Interface 99, Trois-Rivières, Canada, 19–21 May 1999, pp. 210–216 (1999)
Kaczynski, T., Mischaikow, K., Mrozek, M.: Computational Homology, Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol. 157. Springer, New York (2004)
Landi, C., Frosini, P.: New pseudodistances for the size function space. In: Melter, R.A., Wu, A.Y., Latecki, L.J. (eds.) Vision Geometry VI. Proc. SPIE, vol. 3168, pp. 52–60 (1997)
Landi, C., Frosini, P.: Size functions as complete invariants for image recognition, In: Latecki, L.J., Mount, D.M., Wu, A.Y. (eds.) Vision Geometry XI. Proc. SPIE, vol. 4794, pp. 101–109 (2002)
Motzkin, T.: Sur quelques propriétés caractéristiques des ensembles convexes. Atti R. Accad. Naz. Lince. Ser. Rend. Classe Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. 21, 562–567 (1935)
Motzkin, T.: Sur quelques propriétés caractéristiques des ensembles bornés non convexes. Atti R. Accad. Naz. Linc. Ser. Rend. Classe Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. 21, 773–779 (1935)
Patanè, G., Spagnuolo, M., Falcidieno, B.: Families of cut-graphs for bordered meshes with arbitrary genus. Graph. Models 692, 119–138 (2007)
Stanganelli, I., Brucale, A., Calori, L., Gori, R., Lovato, A., Magi, S., Kopf, B., Bacchilega, R., Rapisarda, V., Testori, A., Ascierto, P.A., Simeone, E., Ferri, M.: Computer-aided diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. Anticancer Res. 25, 4577–4582 (2005)
Uras, C., Verri, A.: Computing size functions from edge maps. Internat. J. Comput. Vis. 23(2), 169–183 (1997)
Verri, A., Uras, C.: Invariant size functions. In: Applications of Invariance in Computer Vision. Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., vol. 825, pp. 215–234. Springer, Berlin (1993)
Verri, A., Uras, C.: Metric-topological approach to shape representation and recognition. Image Vis. Comput. 14, 189–207 (1996)
Verri, A., Uras, C., Frosini, P., Ferri, M.: On the use of size functions for shape analysis. Biol. Cybern. 70, 99–107 (1993)
Willard, S.: General Topology. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1970)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Biasotti, S., Cerri, A., Frosini, P. et al. Multidimensional Size Functions for Shape Comparison. J Math Imaging Vis 32, 161–179 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10851-008-0096-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10851-008-0096-z