Abstract
Batch intercalation experiments have carried out using γ-zirconium phosphate (γ-ZrP) and one of its cationic surfactant forms (γ-ZrP/SUR+) for removing crystal violet from aqueous solutions. The intercalation reactions have conducted along two different intervals of time (24 and 48 h). The intercalation process has followed up by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), UV–Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometries. Regarding γ-ZrP, XRD patterns show that obtained phases are impure, even after 48 h of the reaction time at a maximum dye loading of 18%. On the other side, γ-ZrP/SUR+ gives an impure phase after 24 h while a pure one (2.47 nm) is obtained after 48 h at a maximum dye loading of 19%. In both cases, the observed dye loading values are approximately equal to the one calculated by molecular modeling (ca. 20%). The used analysis approaches prove that dye uptake capacity is a function of the reaction time and inclination angle of the dye molecules inside the solid matrices, where the highest dye uptakes are observed with γ-ZrP and γ-ZrP/SUR+ after 48 h of the reaction time. This time (48 h) is long enough for the dye molecules to be sufficiently accumulated inside the interlayer regions, in such situation dye molecules are forced to stand up perpendicular to the inorganic layers. With respect to intercalation properties, the difference between γ-ZrP and γ-ZrP/SUR+ could be referred to the difference between their gallery heights (1.22 and 3.00 nm, respectively). The pre-intercalation of γ-ZrP with the surfactant molecules assists the inclusion and intercalation of the huge dye molecules into the interlayer region.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bangert, R., Aichele, W., Schollmeyer, E., Weimann, B., Herlinger, H.: Melliand Textilber. 58, 399 (1977)
Bumpus, J.A., Brock, B.J.: Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 1143 (1988)
Chen, C.C., Liao, H.J., Cheng, C.Y., Yen, C.Y., Chung, Y.C.: Biotechnol. Lett. 29, 391 (2007)
Alberti, G., Costantino, U.: Intercalation chemistry. In: Whittingham, M.S., Jacobson, A.J. (eds.), Chap. 5, pp. 147–180. Academic Press, New York (1982)
Hasegawa, Y., Tomita, I.: Trends Inorg. Chem. 2, 171 (1991)
Feng, Y., He, W., Zhang, X., Jia, X., Zhao, H.: Mater. Lett. 61, 3258 (2007)
Panwar, O.P., Kumar, A., Ameta, R., Ameta, S.C.: Maced. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 27, 2–133 (2008)
Barhon, Z., Albizane, A., Azzi, M., Saffaj, N., Bennazha, J., Yo Unssi, S.A.: J. App. Sci. Res. 5(7), 893 (2009)
Hoppe, R., Alberti, G., Costantino, U., Dionigi, C., Schulz-Ekloff, G., Vivani, R.: Langmuir 13, 7252 (1997)
Jayswal, A., Chudasama, U.: Indian J. Chem. Technol. 14, 597 (2007)
Alhendawi, H.M.H.: J. Mater. Chem. 21, 7748 (2011)
Shi, S., Zong, R., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, J.: Key Eng. Mater. 336–338, 2589 (2007)
Alberti, G., Bernasconi, M.G., Casciola, M.: React. Polym. 11, 245 (1989)
Clearfield, A., Costantino, U.: Comprehensive supramolecular chemistry. In: Alberti, G., Bein, T. (eds.). vol. 7, Chap. 4, pp. 107–150. Pergamon, New York (1996)
Conant, J.B., Werner, T.H.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 52, 4436 (1930)
Rajeh, A.O., Szirtes, L.: J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 241(1), 83 (1999)
Van Damme, H., Crespin, M., Obrecht, F., Cruz, M.I., Eripiat, J.J.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 66, 43 (1978)
Tomita, I., Takeo, C.: J. Incl. Phenom. Mol. Recognit. Chem. 9, 315 (1990)
Brunet, E., de la Mata, M.J., Juanes, O., Alhendawi, H.M.H., Cerro, C., Rodríguez-Ubis, J.C.: Tetrahedron Asymmetr. 17(3), 347 (2006)
Brunet, E.: Chirality 14, 135 (2002)
Alberti, G., Cardini-Galli, P., Costantino, U., Torracca, E.: J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 29, 571 (1967)
Singh, K.P., Gupta, S., Singh, A.K., Sinha, S.: J. Hazard. Mater. 186(2–3), 28–1462 (2011)
Monash, P., R.N., Pugazhenthi, G.: Clean Technol. Environ. Policy. 13, 141 (2011)
Jian-min, R., Si-wei, W., Wei, J.: World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 65, 790 (2010)
Monash, P., Pugazhenthi, G.: Sep. Sci. Technol. 45(1), 94 (2010)
Li, S.: Bioresour. Technol. 101(7), 2197 (2010)
Patel, H., Vashi, R.T.: E-J. Chem. 7(3), 975 (2010)
Anirudhan, T.S., Suchithra, P.S., Radhakrishnan, P.G.: Appl. Clay Sci. 43, 336 (2009)
Porkodi, K., Vasanth kumar, K.: J. Hazard. Mater. 143, 311 (2007)
Al-Futaisi, A., Jamrah, A., Al-Hanai, R.: Desalination 214, 327 (2007)
Eren, E., Afsin, B.: Dyes Pigments 73, 162 (2007)
Adak, A., Pal, A.: J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 41(10), 2283 (2006)
Kaustubha Mohanty, Thammu Naidu, J., Meikap, B.C., Biswas, M.N.: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45(14), 5165 (2006)
Senthilkumaar, S., Kalaamani, P., Subburaam, C.V.: J. Hazard. Mater. 136, 800 (2006)
Wang, S., Li, H., Xu, L.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 295, 71 (2006)
Mall, I.D., Srivastava, V.C., Agarwal, N.K.: Dyes Pigments 69, 210 (2006)
Dogan, M., Alkan, M.: J. Colloid Interface Sci. 267, 32 (2003)
Graham, N., Chen, X.G., Jayaseelan, S.: Water Sci. Technol. 43, 245 (2001)
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Association of Arab Universities for financial support and to Mr. Kamal Alhendawi for English revision.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alhendawi, H.M.H., Brunet, E., Payán, E.R. et al. Surfactant-assisted intercalation of crystal violet in layered γ-zirconium phosphate. Dye uptake from aqueous solutions. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem 73, 387–396 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10847-011-0076-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10847-011-0076-6