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Exotic grass invasion impacts fitness of an endangered prairie butterfly, Icaricia icarioides fenderi

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Abstract

Fender’s blue butterfly is an endangered species restricted to fragmented, grassland remnants that are becoming increasingly dominated by tall, invasive grasses in western Oregon, USA. I performed a removal experiment to assess the impacts of structural degradation accompanying the invasion of Arrhenatherum elatius, tall oat grass, on butterfly fitness and fitness related behaviors. Clipping of A. elatius to native grass sward height resulted in 2.5–5 times as many eggs laid per leaf of host plant. Both male and female butterflies basked more frequently in areas removed of A. elatius inflorescences and upon encountering the treatment edge butterflies had a high rate of return into a large area removed of the grass inflorescences. Although butterfly behavior appeared to be affected by the change in sward height on the treatment edge, there was no evidence for the edge causing a disproportionate egg load. Invasion and dominance by A. elatius appeared to diminish host plant apparency which may result in overloading of eggs on conspicuous host plants, increased incidence of emigration, and a decrease in the likelihood of colonization because female butterflies appeared indifferent to larval resources beneath A. elatius inflorescences. Dominance of natural shortgrass prairies by tall stature grasses like A. elatius may be an insidious form of habitat degradation for grassland Lepidoptera worldwide, but it may go largely unnoticed because larval and adult resources can persist under the unnaturally tall grass canopy.

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Acknowledgements

I thank J. Beal and W. Messinger (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) for access to the study sites, S. McKnight for helping prepare treatment plots, C. Benfield for aiding in the recording of butterfly behavior, and L. Sanders and B. Lewis for their help with egg counts. C. B. Schultz, A. Liston, and two anonymous reviewers provided comments that helped improve this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    Paul M. Severns

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Correspondence to Paul M. Severns.

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Severns, P.M. Exotic grass invasion impacts fitness of an endangered prairie butterfly, Icaricia icarioides fenderi . J Insect Conserv 12, 651–661 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-007-9101-x

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