Skip to main content
Log in

“Their reality is different”: On the Intersection of Racial and Financial Socialization

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Family and Economic Issues Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Financial socialization research often centers racial groups' differing financial habits and knowledge. However, little research explores the racialized experiences and understandings that influence these contrasting outcomes. Drawing on interviews with 99 middle-class Black, Latinx, and White parents, this study examines the role of racism on financial socialization resulting in two principal findings. First, this study finds that racial dynamics affect how parents strategize about financially socializing their children. Black and Latinx parents aim to prepare their children for racial-financial bias. Secondly, Black and Latinx parents often look beyond the nuclear family to financially socialize their children. These practices differ from White parents, who limited financial socialization to the immediate family and were less likely to explicitly connect race to financial socialization. These findings contribute to a more complete understanding of the intersections between racial and financial socialization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All data was obtained from the Institute for Race Research and Public Policy (IRRPP). The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available to protect the individual privacy of participants.

Notes

  1. Please note that Hispanics, Latinos, and Mexican Americans are distinct populations with overlapping identities.

References

  • Basaldua, F., Cuddy, M., Lewis, A., & Arenas, I. (2021). Chicago’s Racial Wealth Gap. Institute for Race Research and Public Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendick, M., Jr., Jackson, C. W., & Reinoso, V. A. (1994). Measuring employment discrimination through controlled experiments. The Review of Black Political Economy, 23(1), 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02895739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. Anchor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, M., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, 94(4), 991–1013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucciol, A., & Veronesi, M. (2014). Teaching children to save: What is the best strategy for lifetime savings? Journal of Economic Psychology, 45, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2014.07.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calarco, J. M. (2014). Coached for the classroom: Parents’ cultural transmission and children’s reproduction of educational inequalities. American Sociological Review, 79(5), 1015–1037. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414546931

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Jones, M. R., & Porter, S. R. (2020). Race and economic opportunity in the United States: An intergenerational perspective. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), 711–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, T., & Phillips, M. (2004). Social reproduction and child-rearing practices: Social class, children’s agency, and the summer activity gap. Sociology of Education, 77(3), 185–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070407700301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crouter, A. C., Baril, M. E., Davis, K. D., & McHale, S. M. (2008). Processes linking social class and racial socialization in African American dual-earner families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(5), 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00568.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (2000). Gender, black feminism, and black political economy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568(1), 41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (2008). Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (1st ed.). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cude, B. J., Lawrence, F., Lyons, A., Metzger, K., LeJeune, E., Marks, L., & Machtmes, K. (2006). College students and financial literacy: What they know and what we need to learn. Proceedings of the Eastern Family Economics and Resource Management Association, 102(9), 106–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danes, S. M. (1994). Parental perceptions of children’s financial socialization. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 5, 127–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darity, W., Jr., Hamilton, D., Paul, M., Aja, A., Price, A., Moore, A., & Chiopris, C. (2018). What we get wrong about closing the racial wealth gap. Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity and Insight Center for Community Economic Development, 1(1), 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darity, W., & Mason, P. (1998). Evidence on discrimination in employment: Codes of color, codes of gender. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), 63–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deenanath, V., Danes, S. M., & Jang, J. (2019). Purposive and unintentional family financial socialization, subjective financial knowledge, and financial behavior of high school students. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 30(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1891/1052-3073.30.1.83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeSante, C. D. (2013). Working twice as hard to get half as far: Race, work ethic, and America’s deserving poor. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deterding, N. M., & Waters, M. C. (2021). Flexible coding of In-depth Interviews: A twenty-first-century approach. Sociological Methods & Research, 50(2), 708–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124118799377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dow, D. M. (2019). Mothering while black. University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, S., & Aseltine, E. (2012). Raising teenagers in hostile environments: How race, class, and gender matter for mothers’ protective carework. Journal of Family Issues, 34(6), 719–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12452253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fulk, M., & White, K. J. (2018). Exploring racial differences in financial socialization and related financial behaviors among Ohio college students. Cogent Social Sciences, 4(1), 1514681. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1514681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, R., & Passel, J. S. (2014). In the post-recession era, young adults drive continuing rise in multi-generational living.

  • Garcia, L. (2012). Respect yourself, protect yourself. New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, E. E., Milli, J., & Tripp, S. (2022). Worse than a double whammy: The intersectional causes of wage inequality between women of colour and White men over time. Labour, 36(3), 302–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudmunson, C. G., & Danes, S. M. (2011). Family financial socialization: Theory and critical review. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(4), 644–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-011-9275-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagerman, M. A. (2014). White families and race: Colour-blind and colour-conscious approaches to White racial socialization. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(14), 2598–2614. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.848289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D., & Darity, W. A. (2017). The political economy of education, financial literacy, and the racial wealth gap. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.20955/r.2017.59-76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, T. A., & Olson, P. M. (2018). Financial literacy and family communication patterns. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 19, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2018.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, D. P., Hao, L. X., & Parish, W. L. (1990). Race, kin networks, and assistance to mother-headed families. Social Forces, 68(3), 797–812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, C., Young, J., Anong, S., Hudson, E., & Davis, E. (2017). African American financial socialization. The Review of Black Political Economy, 44(3–4), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-017-9258-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E. P., Johnson, D. J., Stevenson, H. C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, D., Witherspoon, D., Rivas-Drake, D., & West-Bey, N. (2009). Received ethnic–racial socialization messages and youths’ academic and behavioral outcomes: Examining the mediating role of ethnic identity and self-esteem. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(2), 112. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koposko, J. l., & Hershey, D. A. (2014). Parental and Early Influences on Expectations of Financial Planning for Retirement. Journal of Personal Finance, 13.

  • Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Univ of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • LeBaron, A. B., Runyan, S. D., Jorgensen, B. L., Marks, L. D., Li, X., & Hill, E. J. (2019). Practice makes perfect: Experiential learning as a method for financial socialization. Journal of Family Issues, 40(4), 435–463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18812917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. T., Bumcrot, C., Mottola, G., Valdes, O., Ganem, R., Kieffer, C., Lusardi, A., & Walsh, G. (2022). Financial Capability in the United States: Highlights from the FINRA Foundation National Financial Capability Study (5th Edition). FINRA Investor Education Foundation. www.FINRAFoundation.org/NFCSReport2021

  • Logan, J. R. (2013). The persistence of segregation in the 21st-century metropolis. City & Community, 12(2), 160–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (2007). The American family and family economics. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2), 3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luhr, S. (2018). How social class shapes adolescent financial socialization: Understanding differences in the transition to adulthood. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39(3), 457–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-018-9573-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, D. S., Denton, N. A. (1998). American apartheid : segregation and the making of the underclass. United Kingdom: Harvard University Press.

  • Murphy, A. J. (2005). Money, money, money: An exploratory study on the financial literacy of black college students. College Student Journal, 39(3), 478–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, M. L., & Shapiro, T. M. (2006). Black wealth, white wealth: A new perspective on racial inequality (10th anniversary ed). Routledge.

  • Pager, D., Bonikowski, B., & Western, B. (2009). Discrimination in a low-wage labor market: A field experiment. American Sociological Review, 74(5), 777–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilkauskas, N. V., Garfinkel, I., & McLanahan, S. S. (2014). The prevalence and economic value of doubling up. Demography, 51(5), 1667–1676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0327-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes, A. M. (2020). Mitigating poverty through the formation of extended family households: Race and ethnic differences. Social Problems, 67(4), 782–799. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spz046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhard, C. M. (2010). Effects of peer & familial ethnic socialization on processes of ethnic identity development in Mexican-descent adolescents. Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver.

  • Rios, V. M. (2011). Punished: Policing the lives of Black and Latino boys. NYU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochester, S. (2018). The Black Tax: The Cost of Being Black in America. Shawn D Rochester.

  • Rothstein, R. (2017). The Color of Law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. Liveright Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rucks-Ahidiana, Z. (2022). Race and the financial toolkit: Bridging cultural theories to understand behavior and decision making in the racial wealth gap. Sociological Inquiry, 92(2), 388–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rugh, J. S., & Massey, D. S. (2010). Racial segregation and the American foreclosure crisis. American Sociological Review, 75(5), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122410380868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders-Thompson, V. L. (1994). Socialization to race and its relationship to racial identification among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(2), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984940202006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serido, J., & Deenanath, V. (2016). Financial parenting: Promoting financial self-reliance of young consumers. Handbook of consumer finance research (pp. 291–300). Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Shim, S., Barber, B. L., Card, N. A., Xiao, J. J., & Serido, J. (2010). Financial socialization of first-year college students: The roles of parents, work, and education. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1457–1470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9432-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shim, S., Serido, J., Bosch, L., & Tang, C. (2013). Financial identity-processing styles among young adults: A longitudinal study of socialization factors and consequences for financial capabilities. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 47(1), 128–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stack, C. B. (1975). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a black community. Basic books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telles, E. E., & Ortiz, V. (2008). Generations of exclusion: Mexican-Americans, assimilation, and race. Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Traub, A., Sullivan, L., Meschede, T., & Shapiro, T. (2017). The asset value of Whiteness: Understanding the racial wealth gap. Demos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallejo, J. (2012). Barrios to burbs. Stanford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Vittrup. (2018). Color blind or color conscious? White American mothers’ approaches to racial socialization. Journal of Family Issues, 39(3), 668–692. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X16676858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, J. V. (1991). “Eyes in the back of your head”: Moral themes in African American narratives of racial conflict. Journal of Moral Education, 20(3), 267–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724910200304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, K., Watkins, K., McCoy, M., Muruthi, B., & Byram, J. L. (2021). How financial socialization messages relate to financial management, optimism, and stress: variations by race. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 42(2), 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-020-09704-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, V. (2020). Racial disparities in income and poverty remain largely unchanged amid strong income growth in 2019. Economic Policy Institute.

Download references

Acknowledgements

This paper is only possible due to the team of researchers and the Institute of Race Research and Public Policy who collected the Chicago Racial Wealth Gap Report data. This team includes, but is not limited to, Fructoso M. Basaldua Jr., Cynthia Brito, Brittany C. Buis, Maximilian Cuddy, Sha' Kurra L. Evans, Em Hall, Mikayla E. Mitchell, Jihmmy Noe Sanchez, Yesenia R. Vargas, Agnieszka Wieczorek, and Luna Vincent White. I also am incredibly grateful to Amanda Lewis, Sigrid Luhr, and Irma Ramirez, who graciously provided feedback on my numerous drafts. Finally, I thank the parents who participated in this study, allowing us access to their lived experiences.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dakari Finister.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the University of Illinois Chicago Institutional Review Board and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.

Consent to Participate

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix 1

Appendix 1

figure a
figure b

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Finister, D. “Their reality is different”: On the Intersection of Racial and Financial Socialization. J Fam Econ Iss (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-023-09942-8

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-023-09942-8

Keywords

Navigation