Abstract
While the negative relationship between materialism and marital satisfaction is well documented, mediators that possibly explain this association have not been widely explored. Based on the Incompatibility of Materialism and Children Model and Marital Paradigms Theory, this article explores the perception of marriage importance as a potential mediator between materialism and marital satisfaction. Using a sample of 1310 married individuals, we found evidence of partial mediation in that materialism was negatively associated with perception of marriage importance, and this association partially explained why being materialistic was associated with lower marital satisfaction. Thus, as counselors, therapists, and financial planners work with married clients, it is important that they consider how their clients’ materialistic tendencies may influence the family both financially and relationally. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Dollar values are in US currency.
References
Albrecht, S. L. (1979). Correlates of marital happiness among the remarried. Journal of Marriage and Family, 41(4), 857–867. https://doi.org/10.2307/351485.
Amato, P. R., & Rogers, S. J. (1997). A longitudinal study of marital problems and subsequent divorce. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59(3), 612–624. https://doi.org/10.2307/353949.
Andersen, J. D. (2005). Financial problems and divorce: Do demographic characteristics strengthen the relationship? Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(1–2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v43n01_08.
Archuleta, K. L., Britt, S. L., Tonn, T. J., & Grable, J. E. (2011). Financial satisfaction and financial stressors in marital satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 108(2), 563–576. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.21.PR0.108.2.563-576.
Bauer, M. A., Wilkie, J. B., Kim, J. K., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2012). Cuing consumerism: Situational materialism undermines personal and social well-being. Psychological Science, 23(5), 517–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611429579.
Belk, R. W. (1984). Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability, validity,and relationships to other measures of happiness. In T. Kinnear (Ed.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 11, pp. 291–297). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research. Retrieved from http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/6260/volumes/v11/NA-11.
Bellah, R. N. (1996). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Britt, S., Hill, E. J., LeBaron, A. B., & Bean, R. (2016). Savers and spenders: Predicting financial conflict in couple relationships. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Financial Planning Association to be held in Baltimore, MD.
Burroughs, J. E., & Rindfleisch, A. (2002). Materialism and well-being: A conflicting values perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 348–370. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/jcr/.
Busby, D. M., Holman, T. B., & Taniguchi, N. (2001). RELATE: Relationship evaluation of the individual, family, cultural, and couple contexts. Family Relations, 50(4), 308–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00308.x.
Carroll, J. S., Dean, L. R., Call, L. L., & Busby, D. M. (2011). Materialism and marriage: Couple profiles of congruent and incongruent spouses.Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 10(4), 287–308. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wcrt20/current.
Conger, R. D., Elder, G. H. Jr., Lorenz, F., Conger, K., Simons, R., Whitbeck, L., Huck, S., & Melby, J. (1990). Linking economic hardship to marital quality and distress. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 643–656. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741-3737.
Conger, R. D., Ge, X., & Lorenz, F. O. (1994). Economic stress and marital relations. In R. D. Conger & G. H. Elder Jr. (Eds.), Families in troubled times: Adapting to change in rural America (pp. 187–203). New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Conger, R. D., Rueter, M. A., & Elder, G. J. (1999). Couple resilience to economic pressure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.54.
Country Comparison: GDP—Per capita (PPP). (2009). CIA world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html.
Country Comparison: Total Fertility Rate. (2009). CIA world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html.
Dean, L. R., Carroll, J. S., & Yang, C. (2007). Materialism, perceived financial problems, and marital satisfaction. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 35(3), 260–281. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X06296625.
Dew, J. (2011). The association between consumer debt and the likelihood of divorce. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(4), 554–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-011-9274-z.
Dew, J., Britt, S., & Huston, S. (2012). Examining the relationship between financial issues and divorce. Family Relations, 61(4), 615–628. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00715.x.
Doherty, W. J., Galston, W. A., Glenn, N. D., Gottman, J., Markey, B., Markman, H. J., et al. (2002). Why marriage matters: Twenty-one conclusions from the social sciences. New York, NY: Institute for American Values.
Garðarsdóttir, R. B., & Dittmar, H. (2012). The relationship of materialism to debt and financial well-being: The case of Iceland’s perceived prosperity. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(3), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.12.008.
Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.57.1.47.
Gudmunson, C. G., Beutler, I. F., Israelsen, C. L., McCoy, J. K., & Hill, E. J. (2007). Linking financial strain to marital instability: Examining the roles of emotional distress and marital interaction. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 28(3), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-007-9074-7.
Holman, T. B., Busby, D. M., Doxey, C., Klein, D. M., & Loyer-Carlson, V. (1997). The RELATionship Evaluation (RELATE). Provo, UT: Marriage Study Consortium.
Impett, E. A., Javam, L., Le, B. M., Asyabi-Eshghi, B., & Kogan, A. (2013). The joys of genuine giving: Approach and avoidance sacrifice motivation and authenticity. Personal Relationships, 20(4), 740–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12012.
Kashdan, T. B., & Breen, W. E. (2007). Materialism and diminished well-being: Experiential avoidance as a mediating mechanism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26(5), 521–539. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2007.26.5.521.
Kasser, T., Cohn, S., Kanner, A. D., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Some costs of American corporate capitalism: A psychological exploration of value and goal conflicts. Psychological Inquiry, 18, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701386579.
Kasser, T., & Grow Kasser, V. (2001). The dreams of people high and low in materialism. Journal of Economic Psychology, 22(6), 693–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00055-1.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (2001). Be careful what you wish for: Optimal functioning and the relative attainment of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. In P. Schmuck & K. M. Sheldon (Eds.), Life goals and well- being: Towards a positive psychology of human striving (pp. 116–131). Goettingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Publications.
Lee, R. D. (2003). The demographic transition: Three centuries of fundamental change. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17, 167–190.
Li, N. P., Lim, A. Y., Tsai, M., & O, J. (2015). Too materialistic to get married and have children? PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0126543. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126543.
Li, N. P., Patel, L., Balliet, D., Tov, W., & Scollon, C. N. (2011). The incompatibility of materialism and the desire for children: Psychological insights into the fertility discrepancy among modern countries. Social Indicators Research, 101(3), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9665-9.
Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
Myers, D. G. (1999). Close relationships and quality of life. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 374–391). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Nickerson, C., Schwarz, N., Diener, E., & Kahneman, D. (2003). Zeroing in on the dark side of the American dream: A closer look at the negative consequences of the goal for financial success. Psychological Science, 14, 531–536. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1461.x.
Owen, J., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2011). The Revised Commitment Inventory: Psychometrics and use with unmarried couples. Journal of Family Issues, 32(6), 820–841. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X10385788.
Richins, M. L., & Dawson, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 303–316. https://doi.org/10.1086/209304.
Rusbult, C. E. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(2), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(80)90007-4.
Solberg, E. G., Diener, E., & Robinson, M. D. (2004). Why are materialists less satisfied? In T. Kasser & A. Kanner (Eds.), Psychology and consumer culture: The struggle for a good life in a materialistic world (pp. 29–48). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (1992). Assessing commitment in personal relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(3), 595–608. https://doi.org/10.2307/353245.
Stanley, S. M., Markman, H. J., & Whitton, S. W. (2002). Communication, conflict and commitment: Insights on the foundations of relationship success from a national survey. Family Process, 41(4), 659–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.00659.x.
Thomas, A., & Sawhill, I. (2005). For love and money? The impact of family structure on family income. The Future of Children, 15(2), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2005.0020.
Van Lange, P. A., Rusbult, C. E., Drigotas, S. M., Arriaga, X. B., Witcher, B. S., & Cox, C. L. (1997b). Willingness to sacrifice in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1373–1395. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1373.
Van Lange, P. A. M., Agnew, C. R., Harinck, F., & Steemers, G. (1997a). From game theory to real life: How social value orientation affects willingness to sacrifice in ongoing close relationships? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1330–1344. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1330.
VanLaningham, J., Johnson, D. R., & Amato, P. (2001). Marital happiness, marital duration, and the U-shaped curve: Evidence from a five-wave panel study. Social Forces, 79(4), 1313–1341. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0055.
Waite, L. J., & Gallagher, M. (2000). The case for marriage: Why married people are happier, healthier, and better off financially. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Watson, J. J. (2003). The relationship of materialism to spending tendencies, saving, and debt. Journal of Economic Psychology, 24(6), 723–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2003.06.001.
Wieselquist, J., Rusbult, C. E., Foster, C. A., & Agnew, C. R. (1999). Commitment, pro-relationship behavior, and trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 942–966. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.5.942.
Willoughby, B. J., Hall, S. S., & Goff, S. (2015a). Marriage matters but how much? Marital centrality among young adults. The Journal of Psychology, 149(8), 796–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2014.979128.
Willoughby, B. J., Hall, S. S., & Luczak, H. P. (2015b). Marital paradigms: A conceptual framework for marital attitudes, values, and beliefs. Journal of Family Issues, 36(2), 188–211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X13487677.
Willoughby, B. J., Medaris, M., James, S., & Bartholomew, K. (2015c). Changes in marital beliefs among emerging adults: Examining marital paradigms over time. Emerging Adulthood, 3(4), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696814563381.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Sarah Coyne, Dr. Brian Willoughby, and Nathan Leonhardt for their helpful reviews of earlier drafts. We would like to thank Dr. Jeremy Yorgason, Dr. Joseph Olsen, and Dr. Spencer James for their statistical counsel. Finally, we would like to thank Dr. Jeff Hill and Dr. Loren Marks for their encouragement and support.
Funding
No funding was received for this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Ashley LeBaron declares that she has no conflict of interest. Heather Kelley declares that she has no conflict of interest. Jason Carroll declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
LeBaron, A.B., Kelley, H.H. & Carroll, J.S. Money Over Marriage: Marriage Importance as a Mediator Between Materialism and Marital Satisfaction. J Fam Econ Iss 39, 337–347 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9563-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9563-2