Abstract
Many workers do not take advantage of savings opportunities provided to them at their workplace, nor do they always make wise investment decisions regarding employer plans. Various automated strategies have been implemented by employers with the objective of increasing retirement plan participation and, hence, the financial security of workers. Automatic strategies work by proactively arranging some type of action (e.g., plan enrollment) to occur unless people specifically opt out. This article examines and synthesizes previous empirical research about five automatic savings and investing strategies: (a) automatic retirement savings plan enrollment, (b) automatic contribution increases, (c) automatic portfolio rebalancing, (d) automatic rollovers, and (e) automatic investment plans. Advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are discussed, along with implications for financial educators.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ameriks, J., Veres, R., & Warshawsky, M. J. (2001). Making retirement income last a lifetime. Journal of Financial Planning, 14(12), 60–76.
Automatic Rollover Rules. (2005, March). Automatic rollover rules. Brown Rudnick Client Alert, Retrieved January 24, 2007 from http://www.brownrudnick.com/nr/pdf/alerts/Automatic_Rollover_Rules_Client_Alert_3-05.pdf.
Bach, D. (2004). The automatic millionaire. New York: Broadway Books.
Belsky, G., & Gilovich, T. (1999). Why smart people make big money mistakes-and how to correct them. New York: Fireside Books.
Benartzi, S., & Thaler, R. H. (n.d.). Using behavioral economics to improve diversification in 401(k) plans: Solving the company stock problem. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://wwwbenartzianddicenzo.com/files/usingbehavioraleconomics.pdf.
Bengen, W. P. (1994). Determining withdrawal rates using historical data. Journal of Financial Planning, 7(1), 171–180.
Bernard, T. S. (2006). Groups propose payroll deductions for IRAs. The Wall Street Journal, Feb. 16, p. D2.
Bruce, L. (2006). Negative personal savings rate: What does it mean? Retrieved June 10, 2006, from www.bankrate.com/brm/news/sav/20060308a1.asp.
Calhoun, C. V. (2004, December 29). New mandatory rollover rules will apply to government, church plans. Employee Benefits Legal Resources Site. Retrieved January 24, 2007 from http://benefitsattorney.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=26.
Carty, C. M. (2005). Do investors make rational or emotional decisions? Financial Advisor, 6(5), 144, 138–139.
Charupat, N., & Deaves, R. (2004). How behavioral finance can assist financial professionals. Journal of Personal Finance, 3(3), 41–52.
Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., & Madrian, B. C. (2005). Are empowerment and education enough? Under-diversification in 401(k) plans. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from www.brookings.edu/es/commentary/journals/bpea-macro/forum/200509bpea_laibson.pdf.
Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., Madrian, B. C., & Metrick, A. (2004a). Saving for retirement on the path of least resistance. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://finance.wharton.upenn.edu/∼rlwctr/papers/0509.pdf.
Choi, J. J., Laibson, D., Madrian, B., & Metrick, A. (2004b). Optimal defaults and active decisions. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://economics.uchicago.edu/download/ad-may25.pdf.
Chooseto Save® forum on retirement security and personal savings: Agenda background materials (2000, April 4–6). Washington, DC: American Savings Education Council.
Chu, K. (2004). Younger workers shy from 401(k)s. The Wall Street Journal, March 3, p. D2.
Clements, J. (2004). If you didn’t save 10% of your income this year, you’re spending too much. The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 22, p. D1.
Clements, J. (2005). Forget the rule of thumb: Saving 10% of your salary is no longer enough. The Wall Street Journal, July 20, p. D1.
Damato, K. (2001). Buying through bear market could pay off. The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 28, p. C1.
Dubil, R. (2005). Lifetime dollar-cost averaging: Forget cost savings, think risk reduction. Journal of Financial Planning, 18(10), 86–90.
401(k) auto pilot (2003). Kiplinger’s Personal Finance, 57(11), 71.
Free money (2004) Kiplinger’s Personal Finance, 58(11), 82.
Gale, W. G., Iwry, J. M., & Orszag, P. R. (2005). The automatic 401(k): A simple way to strengthen retirement saving. Tax Notes. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://taxpolicycenter.org/uploadedPDF/1000751_Tax_Break_2-7-05.pdf.
Garrett, S. (2003) Retirement planning crisis. Paper presented at the Road to Personal Wealth conference, New Brunswick, NJ.
Helman, R., Salisbury, D., Paladino, V., & Copeland, C. (2005) Encouraging workers to save: The 2005 retirement confidence survey. EBRI issue brief number 280. Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute.
Hilsenrath, J. E. (2002). Economics professor’s retirement project puts future pay raises into savings plan. The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 11, p. A2.
Hogarth, J. M., Hilgert, M. A., & Schuchardt, J. (2002). Money managers: The good, the bad, and the lost. In J. M. Lown (Ed.), Proceedings of the association for financial counseling and planning education (pp. 12–23).
Holden, S., & VanDerhei, J. (2001). Contribution behavior of 401(k) plan participants. EBRI issue brief number 238. Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute.
Hostetler, M. (2005). Turning workers into savers? Incentives, liquidity, and choice in 401(k) plan design. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from www.econ.brown.edu/econ/sthesis/MattPapers/Paper8.html.
Is your portfolio out of balance? (2004, Autumn). In the Vanguard, 11.
Iyengar, S., & Jiang, W. (2003). How more choices are demotivating: Impact of more options on 401(k) investment. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://www.iq..harvard.edu/NewsEvents/Conferences/ESS/Nov03/Iyengar.pdf.
Iyengar, S. S., Jiang, W., & Huberman, G. (2003). How much choice is too much? Contributions to 401(k) retirement plans. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from http://prc.wharton.upenn.edu/prc/wp/wp2003-10.pdf.
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1982). The psychology of preferences. Scientific American, 246, 160–173.
Kiplinger, K. (2005). Wise up. Start saving more. Kiplinger’s Personal Finance, 59(3), 62.
Kjetsaa, R. (2000). Dollar-cost averaging: Does it make sense?. Personal Financial Planning, 12(2), 22–28.
Large number of U. S consumers continuing to live paycheck to paycheck (2005, June 13). The AC Nielsen Consumer Confidence Survey. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from http://us.acnielsen.com/news/20050613.shtml.
Lauricella, T. (2004). A lesson for social security: Many mismanage their 401(k)s. The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 1, p. A1, A4.
Lauricella, T. (2005). Shopping at ‘Target,’ mutual-fund style, for retirement. The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 7, p. C1, C13.
Lavine, A. (2005). Latest research shows when to invest & what to avoid. NAPFA Advisor, 15.
Lown, J. M. (2004). Achieving financial independence: Looking inward. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from www.nefe.org/downloads/Lown.pdf.
Lucas, L. (2005). Individual responsibility and the imperfect investor. Benefits Quarterly (Fourth Quarter). Retrieved February 6, 2006, from http://www.iscebs.org/PDF/bq405_auto401k.pdf.
Madrian, B. C., & Shea, D. F. (2001). The power of suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) participation and savings behavior. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116, 1149–1187.
Markese, J. (2004). Allocation over time: Life cycle mutual funds. AAII Journal, 5–9.
Marquez, J. (2005). Lifecycle funds can help companies mitigate risk, boost employee savings. Workforce Management, 65–67.
McReynolds, R. (2004). Spending binge. Financial Planning, 58(5), 103–104, 132.
Mitchell, O. S., & Utkus, S. P. (2002). Company stock and retirement plan diversification. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from http://prc.wharton.upenn.edu/prc/WP/WP2002-4.pdf.
Mitchell, O., & Utkus, S. (2003). Lessons from behavioral finance for retirement plan design. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/papers/03/0334.pdf.
O’Neill, B. (1999). Investing on a shoestring. Chicago: Dearborn Financial Publishing.
O’Neill, B., & Xiao, J. J. (2003). Financial fitness quiz: A tool for analyzing financial behavior. Consumer Interests Annual, American Council on Consumer Interests. Retrieved May 28, 2004, from www.consumerinterests.org/public/articles/index.html?cat=264.
O’Neill, B., Xiao, J. J., Bristow, B., Brennan, P., & Kerbel, C. M. (2000). Successful financial goal attainment: Perceived resources and obstacles. Financial Counseling and Planning, 11(1), 1–12.
Opdyke, J. D. (2005b). Retirement plans get new safeguards. The Wall Street Journal, June 21, pp. D1–D2.
Opdyke, J. D. (2005a). Retirement plans go automatic. The Wall Street Journal, July 20, p. D1.
Personal saving rate (2006). Washington, DC: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from www.bea.gov/briefrm/saving.htm.
Pogge, R. (n.d.). Lecture 17: “On the shoulders of Giants”: Newton’s synthesis. Retrieved February 13, 2006, from http://www-astronomy.mps.ohio-state.edu/∼pogge/Ast161/Unit3/newton.html.
Purcell, P. (2004). Automatic enrollment in section 401(k) plans. Washington, DC: Cogressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. Retrieved June 10, 2006, from www.irs.gov/pub/irs-tege/crs21954.pdf.
Pursuing a systematic approach to long-term equity investing (2005). T.Rowe price report, (Issue No. 89). Baltimore, MD: T. Rowe Price.
Retirement booster calculator (2003). Boston, MA: Advantage.
Schlegel, J. (2005). “Assets-in-a-box” investing. Financial Advisor, 6(5), 91–92.
Selnow, G. W. (2003). Motivating retirement planning: Problems and solutions. Retrieved February 7, 2006, from http://globalag.igc.org/pension/us/private/motivating.pdf.
Stat bank (2005a). Journal of Financial Planning, 18(10), 24.
Stat bank (2005b). Journal of Financial Planning, 18(12), 19.
Tax Law Highlights (2006). Albany, NY: Newkirk.
Ten questions with...Trish Cox and Jim McCool on advice within 401(k)s and retirement ‘paternalism.’ (2005). Journal of Financial Planning, 18(12), 10–16.
Thaler, R. H., & Benartzi, S. (2001). Save more tomorrow: Using behavioral economics to increase employee saving. Retrieved November 29, 2003, from http://gsbwww.uchicago.edu/fac/richard.thaler/research/SmarT14.pdf.
Wang, P. (2005) How to plan for it. Money, 34(11), 145–148.
Whitehouse, K. (2005a). New and improved. The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 28, p. R6.
Whitehouse, K. (2005b). Rules aim to preserve 401(k) savings. The Wall Street Journal, March 21, p.C15.
Whitehouse, K. (2005c). Automatic 401(k) enrollments face drawback. The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 17, p. B8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
O’Neill, B. Overcoming Inertia: Do Automated Saving and Investing Strategies Work?. J Fam Econ Iss 28, 321–335 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-007-9063-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-007-9063-x