Abstract
Historically, scholars in the fields of culturally responsive-sustaining education and student engagement have operated in separate silos, limiting their abilities to foster meaningful and significant change in education. In this conceptual article, we call for scholars in both fields to integrate their scholarship for the purposes of more fully enhancing students’ experiences and learning in schools. To do so, we provide overviews of key ideas in both fields and outline some limitations and challenges that could be addressed by integrating the fields. We also illustrate the synergy and alignment between these fields by using a recently developed tool from the New York State Education Department, The Culturally Responsive-Sustaining Education Framework, to demonstrate how the principles of culturally responsive-sustaining education align closely with the fundamental needs for human engagement outlined in 70 years of psychological research on student engagement. We argue that the integration of these two fields will support implementation of culturally responsive-sustaining education in ways that will positively and meaningfully engage all students in K-12 schools.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Alfonsi, C. (2008). Hey, teacher! Get off that stage: Assessing Student thinking with socratic seminars. Ohio Journal of English Language Arts, 48(1), 65–71. https://memberfiles.freewebs.com/91/52/57585291/documents/SocraticSeminars.pdf.
American Library Association (2023, September 19). American Library Association Releases Preliminary Data on 2023 Book Challenges [Press release]. https://www.ala.org/news/press-releases/2023/09/american-library-association-releases-preliminary-data-2023-book-challenges.
Appleton, J. J., Christenson, S. L., & Furlong, M. J. (2008). Student engagement with school: Critical conceptual and methodological issues of the construct. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 369–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20303.
Aronson, B., & Laughter, J. (2016). The theory and practice of culturally relevant education: A synthesis of research across content areas. Review of Educational Research, 86(1), 163–206. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315582066.
Baldridge, B. J., Beck, N., Medina, J. C., & Reeves, M. A. (2017). Toward a new understanding of community-based education: The role of community-based educational spaces in disrupting inequality for minoritized youth. Review of Research in Education, 41(1), 381–402. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X16688622. https://doi-org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497.
Caraballo, L., Lozenski, B. D., Lyiscott, J. J., & Morrell, E. (2017). YPAR and critical epistemologies: Rethinking education research. Review of Research in Education, 41(1), 311–336. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X16686948.
Carey, R., Farinde-Wu, A., Milner, H., & Delale-O’Connor, L. (2018). The culture and teaching gap: What is it, and how can teacher educators help close it? In G. Hall, L. Quinn, & D. Gollnick (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Teaching and Learning (pp. 59–78). Wiley.
Carter Andrews, D. J., Richmond, G., & Marciano, J. E. (2021). The teacher support imperative: Teacher education and the pedagogy of connection. Journal of Teacher Education, 72(3), 267–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871211005950.
Chorzempa, B. F., & Lapidus, L. (2009). To find yourself, think for yourself. Teaching Exceptional Children, 41(3), 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005990904100306.
Christenson, S., Reschly, A., & Wylie, C. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of Research on Student Engagement. Springer.
Connell, J. P. (1990). Context, self, and action: A motivational analysis of self-system processes across the life-span. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), The self in transition: Infancy to childhood (pp. 61–97). University of Chicago Press.
Connell, J. P., & Wellborn, J. G. (1991). Competence, autonomy, and relatedness: A motivational analysis of self-system processes. In M. R. Gunnar, & L. A. Sroufe (Eds.), Self processes and development: The Minnesota Symposia on child psychology (Vol. 23). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cooper, K. S. (2014). Eliciting engagement in the high school classroom: A mixed-methods examination of teaching practices. American Educational Research Journal, 51(2), 363–401. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831213507973.
Crossouard, B. (2009). A sociocultural reflection on formative assessment and collaborative challenges in the States of Jersey. Research Papers in Education, 24(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669870801945909.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (2021). Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by race/ethnicity and selected demographic characteristics for the United States: School year 2018-19https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/tables/ACGR_RE_and_characteristics_2018-19.asp.
Dixon, A. D., & Ladson-Billings, G. (2017). Harambee: Pulling it all together. Teachers College Record, 119(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900106.
Dorn, E., Hancock, B., Sarakatsannis, J., & Viruleg, E. (2020). COVID-19 and student learning in the United States: The hurt could last a lifetime. McKinsey & Company.
Erikson, E. H. (1953). Growth and crises of the healthy personality. In C. Kluckhohn, H. A. Murray & D. Schneider (Eds.) Personality in nature, society, and culture (2nd Ed.) (pp. 185–225). Knopf.
Finn, J. D., & Zimmer, K. S. (2012). Student engagement: What is it? Why does it matter? In S. Christenson, A. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 97–131). Springer US.
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59–109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059. https://doi-org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/.
Furrer, C. J., Skinner, E. A., & Pitzer, J. R. (2014). The influence of teacher and peer relationships on students’ classroom engagement and everyday motivational resilience. Teachers College Record, 113(1), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811411601319. https://doi-org.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/.
Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053002003.
Gay, G. (2010). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (2nd ed.).). Teachers College.
Gist, C., Jackson, I., Nightengale-Lee, B., & Allen, K. (2019). Culturally responsive pedagogy in teacher education. Oxford Research Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.266.
Gray, D. L., Hope, E. C., & Matthews, J. S. (2018). Black and belonging at school: A case for interpersonal, instructional, and institutional opportunity structures. Educational Psychologist, 53(2), 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2017.1421466.
Hillard, P., Love, L., Franks, H. M., Lars, B. A., & Coyle, K. K. (2014). They were only joking: Efforts to decrease LGBTQ bullying and harassment in Seattle Public Schools. Journal of School Health, 84(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12120.
Howard, T. C. (2003). Culturally relevant pedagogy: Ingredients for critical teacher reflection. Theory into Practice, 42(3), 195–202. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1477420.
Howard, T. C., & Terry Sr, C. L. (2011). Culturally responsive pedagogy for African American students: Promising programs and practices for enhanced academic performance. Teaching Education, 22(4), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2011.608424.
Hung, M. (2015). Talking circles promote equitable discourse. The Mathematics Teacher, 109(4), 256–260. https://doi.org/10.5951/mathteacher.109.4.0256.
Irizarry, J. G., & Welton, A. D. (2013). Latina/o youth as educational researchers: Implications for teaching and learning in urban schools. Handbook of urban education (pp. 277–293). Routledge.
Juvonen, J., Espinoza, G., & Knifsend, C. (2012). The role of peer relationships in student academic and extracurricular engagement. In S. Christenson, A. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Student Engagement (pp. 387–401). Springer US.
Kinloch, V. (2017). You ain’t making me write: Culturally sustaining pedagogies and black youths’ performances of resistance. In D. Paris, & H. S. Alim (Eds.), Culturally sustaining pedagogies: Teaching and learning for justice in a changing world (pp. 25–41). Teachers College.
Knight, M., Marciano, J. E., Wilson, M., Jackson, I., Vernikoff, L., Zuckerman, K., & Watson, V. W. M. (2019). It’s all possible: Urban educators’ perspectives on creating a culturally relevant, school-wide, college-going culture for black and latino male students. Urban Education, 54(1), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085916651.
Knight-Manuel, M., & Marciano, J. E. (2019). Classroom cultures: Equitable schooling for racially diverse youth. Teachers College.
Konold, T., Cornell, D., Jia, Y., & Malone, M. (2018). School climate, student engagement, and academic achievement: A latent variable, multilevel multi-informant examination. AERA Open, 4(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858418815661.
Kosciw, J. G., Clark, C. M., Truong, N. L., & Zongrone, A. D. (2020). The 2019 National School Climate Survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation’s schools. GLSEN. https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/NSCS19-FullReport-032421-Web_0.pdf.
Ladson Billings, G. (1994). The dreamkeepers: Successful teachers of African American children. Jossey-Bass.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465–491. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312032003465.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2001). Crossing over to Canaan: The journey of new teachers crossing over into diverse classrooms. Jossey-Bass.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2011). Yes, but how do we do it? Practicing culturally relevant pedagogy. In J. Landsman & C. Lewis (Eds.), White teachers/diverse classrooms: Creating inclusive schools, building on students’ diversity, and providing true educational equity (pp. 33–46). Stylus.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2014). Culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0: a.k.a. the remix. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.84.1.p2rj131485484751.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2017). The (R)evolution will not be standardized: Teacher education, hip hop pedagogy, and culturally relevant pedagogy 2.0. In D. Paris, & H. S. Alim (Eds.), Culturally sustaining pedagogies: Teaching and learning for justice in a changing world (pp. 141–156). Teachers College.
Lawson, M. A., & Lawson, H. A. (2013). New conceptual frameworks for student engagement research, policy, and practice. Review of Educational Research, 83(3), 432–479. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654313480891.
Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2013). The effects of different sources of leadership on student engagement. Leadership for change and school reform (pp. 66–82). Routledge.
LGYM. (2011, December 13). Homophobia in our schools - young people speak out [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASgFOtyK-w0.
Love, B. (2019). We want to do more than survive: Abolitionist teaching and the pursuit of educational freedom Beacon Press.
Lustick, H. (2017). Making discipline relevant: Toward a theory of culturally responsive positive schoolwide discipline. Race Ethnicity and Education, 20(5), 681–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2016.1150828.
Mapp, K. L., Johnson, V. R., Strickland, C. S., & Meza, C. (2008). High school family centers: Transformative spaces linking schools and families in support of student learning. Marriage & Family Review, 43(3–4), 338–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494920802073205.
Martin, A. J., & Dowson, M. (2009). Interpersonal relationships, motivation, engagement, and achievement: Yields for theory, current issues, and educational practice. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 327–365. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325583.
Meier, D., & Knoester, M. (2017). Beyond testing: Seven assessments of students and schools more effective than standardized tests. Teachers College.
Mentor, M., & Sealey-Ruiz, Y. (2021). Doing the deep work of anti-racist pedagogy: Toward self-excavation for equitable classroom teaching. Language Arts, 99(1), 19–24. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2578205030?accountid=12598.
Milner, R. (2017). Where’s the race in culturally relevant pedagogy? Teachers College Record, 119(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900109.
Misco, T. (2011). Teaching about controversial issues: Rationale, practice, and need for inquiry. International Journal for Education Law and Policy, 7(1–2), 13–24. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ijelp7 ÷=4&id=&page.
Mitra, D. (2004). The significance of students: Can increasing ‘‘student voice’’ in schools lead to gains in youth development? Teachers College Record, 106(4), 651–688. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23249219.
Moll, L., & Gonzalez, N. (1994). Lessons from research with language minority children. Journal of Reading Behavior, 26(4), 23–41. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10862969409547862.
Muhammad, G. (2023). Unearthing Joy: A Guide to Culturally and Historically Responsive Teaching and Learning.
Murray, I. E., & Milner, H. R. (2015). Toward a pedagogy of sociopolitical consciousness in outside of school programs. The Urban Review, 47, 893–913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-015-0339-4.
New York State Education Department (NYSED) (2019). Culturally Responsive-Sustaining Education Framework. New York: The University of the State of New York. http://www.nysed.gov/common/nysed/files/programs/crs/culturally-responsive-sustaining-education-framework.pdf.
Newmann, F. (1981). Reducing student alienation in high schools: Implications of theory. Harvard Educational Review, 51(4), 546–564. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.51.4.xj67887u87l5t66t.
Noddings, N., & Brooks, L. (2017). Teaching controversial issues: The case for critical thinking and Moral Commitment in the Classroom. Teachers College.
Osterman, K. F. (2000). Students’ need for belonging in the school community. Review of Educational Research, 70(3), 323–367. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070003323.
Paris, D. (2012). Culturally sustaining pedagogy: A needed change in stance, terminology, and practice. Educational Researcher, 41(3), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12441244.
Paris, J., & Alim, H. S. (2014). What are we seeking to sustain through culturally sustaining pedagogy? A loving critique forward. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.84.1.982l873k2ht16m77.
Piaget, J. (1952). The Origins of Intelligence in Children (Trans. By M. Cook). International University Press.
Purnell, S., & Hill, P. (1992). Time for Reform. RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/reports/R4234.html.
Reeve, J. (2009). Why teachers adopt a controlling motivating style toward students and how they can become more autonomy supportive. Educational Psychologist, 44(3), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520903028990.
Roeser, R. W., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. J. (1998). Academic and emotional functioning in early adolescence: Longitudinal relations, patterns, and prediction by experience in middle school. Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 321–352. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579498001631.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.
Sealey-Ruiz, Y. (2020). The critical literacy of race. In K. Lomotey, & R. H. Milner (Eds.), The handbook on urban education (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Skinner, E. A., & Pitzer, J. R. (2012). Developmental dynamics of student engagement, coping, and everyday resilience. Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 21–44). Springer.
Skinner, E., Furrer, C., Marchand, G., & Kindermann, T. (2008). Engagement and disaffection in the classroom: Part of a larger motivational dynamic? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012840.
Sleeter, C. E. (2012). Confronting the marginalization of culturally responsive pedagogy. Urban Education, 47(3), 562–584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085911431472.
Spiro, R. J., Coulson, R. L., Feltovich, P. J., & Anderson, D. K. (1988). Cognitive flexibility theory: Advanced acquisition in ill-structured domains (Technical Report No. 441). Champaign, IL: Center for the Study of Reading.
Staley, B., & Freeman, L. A. (2017). Digital storytelling as student-centred pedagogy: Empowering high school students to frame their futures. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0061-9.
Stiggins, R. (2007). Assessment through the student’s eyes. Educational Leadership, 64(8), 22. https://www.ascd.org/el/articles/assessment-through-the-students-eyes.
Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2013). School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective. Learning and Instruction, 28, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01745.x.
Warren, C., & Marciano, J. E. (2018). Activating student voice through Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR): Policy-making that strengthens urban education reform. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 31(8), 684–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2018.1478154.
White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66(5), 297. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040934.
Willoughby, B. (2018). Speak Up at School: How to Respond to Everyday Prejudice, Bias and Stereotypes. Teaching Tolerance: Southern Poverty Law Center. https://www.learningforjustice.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/TT-Speak-Up-Guide.pdf.
Wong, Z. Y., & Liem, G. A. D. (2022). Student engagement: Current state of the construct, conceptual refinement, and future research directions. Educational Psychology Review, 34, 107–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09628-3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Stein, K.C., Mauldin, C., Marciano, J.E. et al. Culturally responsive-sustaining education and student engagement: a call to integrate two fields for educational change. J Educ Change (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-024-09510-3
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-024-09510-3