Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Thinking more deeply about networks in education

  • Published:
Journal of Educational Change Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In education, initiatives to restructure and reculture schools through their involvement in intra- and inter-institutional networks have grown in number in recent years. Networks of teachers and schools (often linked to institutions outside education) are becoming a key focus of change efforts promoted by professionals and policymakers. However, in current research, writing and policymaking, the use of the network concept has been generally vague, normative and mostly instrumental. This paper develops a discussion of network concepts and proposes more systematic, less normative ways of addressing and researching network issues in education. It outlines a set of key dimensions of intra- and inter-organizational networks and makes a case for more a comprehensive research approach to these phenomena.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. This list of dimensions is by no means intended to be exhaustive. It simply points to a set of key areas where more research is needed.

  2. The issue of the importance of founding fathers and its consequences for networks was first raised by Lieberman and Grolnick (1996).

  3. For examples of intra-organizational network fragmentation, see Lima (1997, 2007).

  4. Tom Snijders (in Groningen and Oxford) and Matthias Finger (in Berlin), among others, are currently doing cutting-edge work and developing analytical software in this area.

References

  • Andrews, K., & Rothman, M. (2002). Cultivating innovation: How a charter/district network is turning professional development into professional practice. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(7), 507–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W. E. (1992). The network organization in theory and practice. In N. Nohria & R. G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structures, form, and action (pp. 397–429). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakkenes, I. (1996). Professional isolation of primary school teachers: A task-specific approach. Leiden, The Netherlands: DSWO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barringer, B. R., & Harrison, J. S. (2000). Walking a tightrope: Creating value through inter-organizational relationships. Journal of Management, 26(3), 367–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D. (1973). The coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M., Jopling, M., Cordingley, P., Firth, A., King, E., & Mitchell, H. (2006). What is the impact on pupils of networks that include at least three schools? What additional benefits are there for practitioners, organizations and the communities they serve? Nottingham: National College for School Leadership. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org.uk.

  • Benson, J. K. (1975). The inter-organizational network as a political economy. Administrative Science Quarterly, 20(2), 229–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, F. S., et al. (2004). Three traditions of network research: What the public management research agenda can learn from other research communities. Public Administration Review, 64(5), 539–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonacich, P. (1987). Power and centrality: A family of measures. American Journal of Sociology, 92(5), 1170–1182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borgatti, S. P., & Foster, P. C. (2003). The network paradigm in organizational research: A review and typology. Journal of Management, 29(6), 991–1013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borys, B., & Jemison, D. B. (1989). Hybrid arrangements as strategic alliances: Theoretical issues in organizational combinations. Academy of Management Review, 14(2), 234–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brass, D. J., & Burkhardt, M. E. (1992). Centrality and power in organizations. In N. Nohria & R. G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structures, form, and action (pp. 191–215). Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busher, H., & Hodgkinson, K. (1995). Managing interschool networks: Across the primary/secondary divide. School Organization, 15(3), 329–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busher, H., & Hodgkinson, K. (1996). Co-operation and tension between autonomous schools: A study of interschool networking. Educational Review, 48(1), 55–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael, P., et al. (2006). Learning how to learn in classrooms, schools and networks: Teachers’ networks in and out of school. Research Papers in Education, 21(2), 217–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2001). The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business and society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, J., & Aspin, D. (2003). Networks of learning: A new construct for educational provision and a new strategy for reform. In B. Davies & J. West-Burnham (Eds.), Handbook of educational leadership and management (pp. 653–659). London: Pearson/Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, G. B., & Carley, K. M. (2008). Clearing the FOG: Fuzzy, overlapping groups for social networks. Social Networks, 30, 201–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, C., & Hadfield, M. (2004). Learning though networks: Trust, partnerships and the power of action research. Educational Action Research, 12(4), 575–586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earl, L., & Katz, S. (2005). What makes a network a learning network? National College for School Leadership, UK. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org.uk/networked/networked-research.cfm.

  • Freeman, L. C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, L. C. (1992). The sociological concept of “group”: An empirical test of two models. The American Journal of Sociology, 98(1), 152–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsberry, L. (1995). The evolution of a restructuring school: The New Suncook case. In A. Lieberman (Ed.), The work of restructuring schools (pp. 136–156). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2006). Sustainable leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahne, J., O’Brien, J., Brown, A., & Quinn, T. (2001). Leveraging social capital and school improvement: The case of a school network and a comprehensive community initiative. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(4), 429–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kilduff, M., & Tsai, W. (2003). Social networks and organizations. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krackhardt, D. (1992). The strength of strong ties: the importance of philos in organizations. In N. Nohria & R. G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structures, form, and action (pp. 216–239). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krackhardt, D., & Stern, R. (1988). Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 123–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A., & Grolnick, M. (1996). Networks and reform in American education. Teachers College Record, 98(1), 7–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A., & Grolnick, M. (1998). Educational reform networks: Changes in the forms of reform. In A. Hargreaves (Ed.), International handbook of educational change, Part One (pp. 710–729). The Netherlands: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A., & McLaughlin, M. W. (1992). Networks for educational change: Powerful and problematic. Phi Delta Kappan, 73(9), 673–677.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A., & Wood, D. (2003). Inside the National Writing Project: Connecting network learning and classroom teaching. New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima, J. A. (1997). Colleagues and friends: Teachers’ professional and personal relationships in two Portuguese secondary schools. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. University of the Azores, Portugal.

  • Lima, J. A. (1998, April). Improving the study of teacher collegiality: Methodological issues. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association Conference, San Diego.

  • Lima, J. A. (2001). Forgetting about friendship: Using conflict in teacher communities as a catalyst for school change. Journal of Educational Change, 2(2), 97–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, J. A. (2003). Trained for isolation: The impact of departmental cultures on student teachers’ views and practices of collaboration. Journal of Education for Teaching, 29(3), 197–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, J. A. (2004). Social networks in teaching. In F. Hernandez & I. Goodson (Eds.), The social geographies of educational change (pp. 29–46). Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima, J. A. (2007). Professional development in departmentalised organisations: Lessons for school improvement from a case study of two curriculum departments. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 18(3), 273–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, J. A. (2008). Department networks and distributed leadership in schools. School Leadership & Management, 28(2), 159–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, J. P., & Klein, E. J. (2003). Networking for teacher learning: Toward a theory of effective design. Teachers College Record, 105(8), 1606–1621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1992). Causes of failure in network organizations. California Management Review, 34(4), 53–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nohria, N. (1992). Is a network perspective a useful way of studying organizations? In N. Nohria & R. G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structures, form, and action (pp. 1–22). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nohria, N., & Eccles, R. G. (1992). Face-to-face: Making network organizations work. In N. Nohria & R. G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structures, form, and action (pp. 288–308). Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennell, J. R., & Firestone, W. A. (1996). Changing classroom practices through teacher networks: Matching program features with teacher characteristics and circumstances. Teachers College Record, 98(1), 46–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrow, C. (1992). Small-firm networks. In N. Nohria & R. G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structures, form, and action (pp. 445–470). Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podolny, J. M., & Page, K. L. (1998). Network forms of organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 57–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rusch, E. A. (2005). Institutional barriers to organizational learning in school systems: The power of silence. Educational Administration Quarterly, 41, 83–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. (1991). Social network analysis: A handbook. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoll, L. (2005). Developing professional learning communities: messages for learning networks. National College for School Leadership, International perspectives on networked learning. Retrieved September 4, 2006, from http://www.ncsl.org.uk/networked/networked-research.cfm

  • Veugelers, W., & Zijlstra, H. (1996). Networks for modernizing secondary schools. Educational Leadership, 54(3), 76–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veugelers, W., & Zijlstra, H. (2002). What goes on in a network? Some Dutch experiences. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 5(2), 163–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohlstetter, P., Malloy, C. L., Chau, D., & Polhemus, J. L. (2003). Improving schools through networks: A new approach to urban school reform. Educational Policy, 17, 399–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jorge Ávila de Lima.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

de Lima, J.Á. Thinking more deeply about networks in education. J Educ Change 11, 1–21 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-008-9099-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-008-9099-1

Keywords

Navigation