Abstract
There has been a significant driving force to eliminate the utilization, recycling, and disposal of ferroelectric ceramics with high content of toxic element (Pb). Recently, the ternary system of KNN-LT-LS has proven to be an outstanding lead-free piezoceramic with properties almost comparable to their lead-based counterpart, PZT. This study reports the effect of various processing conditions on the electromechanical properties of (K0.44Na0.52Li0.04)(Nb0.84Ta0.10Sb0.06)O3 system. This includes powder processing, humidity, and exposure to oxygen rich environment during sintering. The Perovskite and Mixed-Oxide methods are used to prepare the stoichiometric powders. It will be shown that both processing methods are notably sensitive to the moisture of as received raw materials and the humidity of environment. Optimum results are obtained when the raw materials undergo a pre-heat treatment followed by formulating the desired composition in an inert atmosphere. The highest electromechanical properties are achieved when the ceramics are completely exposed to oxygen with a high flow rate. Sintered at 1150 °C for 1 h with an oxygen flow rate of 180 cm3/min, the KNN-LT-LS ceramics prepared by Perovskite and Mixed-Oxide routes have d 33 ≥ 300 pC/N, \(\varepsilon ^{T}_{{33}} = 1865\), tan δ = 0.02, k 33 = 0.65.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
B. Jaffe, Piezoelectric Ceramics (Academic, New York, 1971), p. 214
J.F. Tressler, S. Alkoy, R.E. Newnham, J. Electroceram. 2(4), 257 (1998)
L. Egerton, D.M. Dillon, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 42, 438 (1959)
R.E. Jaeger, L. Egerton, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 45, 209 (1962)
M. Kosec, D. Kolar, Mater. Res. Bull. 10, 335 (1975)
S. Tashiro, H. Nagamatsu, K. Nagata, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41, 7113 (2002)
V. Bobnar, B. Malic, J. Holc, M. Kosec, J. Appl. Phys. 98, 024113 (2005)
M. Matsubara, T. Yamaguchi, K. Kikuta, S. Hirano, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 7159 (2004)
M. Matsubara, T. Yamaguchi, K. Kikuta, S. Hirano, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44, 258 (2005)
Y. Guo, Ken-ichi Kakimoto, H. Ohasto, Matt. Lett. 59, 241 (2005)
Y. Saito, H. Takao, T. Tani, T. Nanoyama, K. Takatori, T. Homma, T. Nagaya, M. Nakamura, Nature 123, 84 (2004)
T. Nonoyama, T. Nagaya, Y. Saito, K. Takatori, T. Homma, H. Takao, US Patent #0178605A1, (2003)
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Standards on Piezoelectricity, American National Standards Institute, ANSI/IEEE Std. 176, (1987)
S. Priya, A. Ando, K. Uchino, Development in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices, Ceramic Trans, ed. By K.M. Nair, R. Guo, A.S. Bhalla, S.I. Hirano,D. Suvorov (The American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis, 2005), p. 223
Y. Saito, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, 5963–5996 (1997)
K. Kakimoto, I. Masuda, H. Ohsato, J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. 25, 2719 (2005)
F. Xia, X. Yao, J. Mater. Res. 14, 1683 (1999)
S.E. Park, T. Shrout, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 44, (1997)
T.R. Shrout, R. Eitel, C. Randall, Piezoelectric Materials in Devices, ed. By N. Setter (EPFL Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2002), p. 413
F. Xia, X. Yao, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 2709 (2002)
Acknowledgements
The financial support of Glenn Howatt Foundation at the Electroceramic Laboratory of Rutgers University is acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marandian Hagh, N., Jadidian, B. & Safari, A. Property-processing relationship in lead-free (K, Na, Li) NbO3-solid solution system. J Electroceram 18, 339–346 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9171-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-007-9171-x