Abstract
Parental emotion socialization (ES) has been correlated with children’s adaptive emotion regulation. However, few studies have examined simultaneously the influence of mothers’ and fathers’ supportive ES practices on children’s physiological stress regulation, as indexed by cortisol—and the potential moderating role of child gender. In the present study, participants were 42 mothers, fathers, and their preschool-aged children (Mage = 42.36 months; 24 girls). Emotion socialization was assessed via observational coding and child stress regulation was measured through salivary cortisol samples taken throughout a series of stressor tasks. We found that greater maternal supportive ES significantly predicted children’s lower total cortisol output, while greater paternal supportive ES significantly predicted children’s higher total cortisol output. Child gender did not moderate the relations. Our findings underscore the important preventative opportunity for parents to teach children how to adaptively cope with emotions, which could influence their physiological ability to regulate the stress response.
Highlights
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Our study is one of the first to examine the unique influences of maternal and paternal ES on preschool aged children’s cortisol output in response to laboratory stressors.
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Greater maternal supportive ES was significantly correlated with children’s lower total cortisol output, while greater paternal supportive ES was significantly correlated with children’s higher total cortisol output.
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Our study was strengthened by its use of an observational measure of supportive ES for both parents, as well as a reliable biological measure of children’s stress regulation.
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Data Availability
De-identified individual participant data will be made available, in addition to study protocols, the statistical analysis plan, and the informed consent form. The data will be made available upon publication to researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal for use in achieving the goals of the approved proposal. Proposals should be submitted to aburniston20@cmc.edu.
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Author Contribution
P.A.S., S.N.D., and C.P.C. contributed to the study conception, study design, and material preparation. A.B.B. and C.P.C. contributed to the data collection. The original analyses were conducted by S.N.D. and C.P.C. J.M.V. and P.A.C. conducted the second round of analyses. The first draft of the manuscript was written by A.B.B. and all authors commented on and contributed to previous versions of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported in part by a National Science Foundation grant NSF RAPID BCS: 2027694 to S.N.D. and Patricia A. Smiley.
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Burniston, A.B., Chan, C.P., Vicman, J.M. et al. Maternal and Paternal Emotion Socialization and Children’s Physiological Stress Regulation. J Child Fam Stud 32, 2099–2112 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02491-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02491-y