Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

How-to-Parenting-Program: Change in Parenting and Child Mental Health over One Year

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A pre-post pilot study suggests that the How-to Parenting Program (Faber & Mazlish, 2012) could improve parenting quality (structure, affiliation, autonomy support) and child mental health (Joussemet et al., 2014). However, whether improvements are maintained over time and whether they are reported by all parents remain unclear. In this study, we followed Joussemet et al.’s sample of parents during one year after their program participation. A total of 93 parents of elementary school children reported on their parenting practices and evaluated their children’s externalizing and internalizing problems at pre- and post-test, and again at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Multivariate multilevel analyses revealed that linear and quadratic trends over the four assessments were significant for all variables, except for affiliation (linear trend only). Affiliation improvements continued to increase over time whereas all other improvements generally occurred before the six-month follow-up and then stabilized (or decreased) from the six-month to the one-year follow-up. Exploratory analyses revealed that only parent gender and child age moderated improvements in some aspects of parenting, but no other moderation was observed. Positive associations between parenting and child mental health change were also observed. These results suggest that the How-to Parenting Program could yield long-term benefits for many families.

Highlights

  • The How-to Parenting Program includes skills to provide structure, affiliation, but also autonomy support.

  • Parents reported improvements in all parenting dimensions several months after participating in the program, compared to baseline.

  • Parents reported fewer child externalizing problems several months after participating in the program, compared to baseline.

  • A linear trend was observed for affiliation, while changes in other outcomes followed a quadratic pattern.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. M. (1998). Diagnosis, assessment, taxonomy, and case formulations. In Handbook of child psychopathology (3rd ed., pp. 63–87). Plenum Press; US.

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual far the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families.

  • Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence Erlbaum.

  • Andreadakis, E., Joussemet, M., & Mageau, G. A. (2019). How to support toddlers’ autonomy: Socialization practices reported by parents. Early Education and Development, 30(3), 297–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, D. S., O’Leary, S. G., Wolff, L. S., & Acker, M. M. (1993). The parenting scale: A measure of dysfunctional parenting in discipline situations. Psychological Assessment, 5(2), 137–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aunola, K., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2005). The role of parenting styles in children’s problem behavior. Child Development, 76(6), 1144–1159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00841.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. K., & Olsen, J. A. (1997). Socialization in context: Connection, regulation, and autonomy in the family, school, and neighborhood, and with peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12(2), 287–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743554897122008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., Olsen, J. A., Collins, W. A., & Burchinal, M. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 1–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, J. E., Wachs, T. D., & Emde, R. N. (1994). Toward practical uses for biological concepts of temperament. In Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior (pp. 275–306). American Psychological Association.

  • Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 1–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135(6 Nov), 885–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, K., Dozier, M., Bick, J., Lewis-Morrarty, E., Lindhiem, O., & Carlson, E. (2012). Enhancing attachment organization among maltreated children: results of a randomized clinical trial. Child Development, 83(2), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01712.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blacher, J., & Feinfield, K. A. (2013). Caregiving in middle childhood: Coping with typical and atypical development. In Caregiving across the lifespan: Research, practice, policy (pp. 21–46). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5553-0_3

  • Breton, J.-J., Bergeron, L., Valla, J.-P., Berthiaume, C., Gaudet, N., Lambert, J., St-Georges, M., Houde, L., & Lepine, S. (1999). Quebec child mental health survey: prevalence of DSM-III–R mental health disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(3), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunting, L. (2004). Parenting programmes: The best available evidence. Child Care in Practice, 10(4), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357527042000285510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpentier, J., & Mageau, G. A. (2016). Predicting sport experience during training: The role of change-oriented feedback in athletes’ motivation, self-confidence and needs satisfaction fluctuations. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cedar, B., & Levant, R. F. (1990). A meta-analysis of the effects of parent effectiveness training. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 18(4), 373–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, W., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55(2), 218–232. ft8v6f.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cordova, D. I., & Lepper, M. R. (1996). Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning: Beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88(4), 715–730. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.88.4.715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, C. E., Bremner, R., & Boyle, M. (1995). Large group community-based parenting programs for families of preschoolers at risk for disruptive behaviour disorders: Utilization, cost effectiveness, and outcome. Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 36(7), 1141–1159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. A., Mason, T., & Couchoud, E. A. (1995). Scaffolding young children’s prosocial responsiveness: Preschoolers’ responses to adult sadness, anger, and pain. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 18(3), 489–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/016502549501800306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncombe, M. E., Havighurst, S. S., Kehoe, C. E., Holland, K. A., Frankling, E. J., & Stargatt, R. (2016). Comparing an emotion- and a behavior-focused parenting program as part of a multsystemic intervention for child conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 320–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.963855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eddy, J. M., Leve, L. D., & Fagot, B. I. (2001). Coercive family processes: A replication and extension of Patterson’s coercion model. Aggressive Behavior, 27(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, H. L., & Angold, A. (2006). Common emotional and behavioral disorders in preschool children: Presentation, nosology, and epidemiology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3-4), 313–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01618.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Losoya, S. H., & Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72(4), 1112–1134. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S., Losoya, S., Murphy, B. C., Jones, S., Poulin, R., & Reiser, M. (2000). Prediction of elementary school children’s externalizing problem behaviors from attention and behavioral regulation and negative emotionality. Child Development, 71(5), 1367–1382.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faber, A., & Mazlish, E. (2012). How to Talk So Kids Will Listen & Listen So Kids Will Talk. Scribner.

  • Farkas, M. S., & Grolnick, W. S. (2010). Examining the components and concomitants of parental structure in the academic domain. Motivation and Emotion, 34(3), 266–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fetsch, R. J., & Gebeke, D. (1995). Colorado and North Dakota Strengthening Marriage and Family programs increase positive family functioning levels. Journal of Extension, 33(1), 1FEA4 http://www.joe.org/joe/1995february/a4.php

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froiland, J. M. (2011). Parental autonomy support and student learning goals: A preliminary examination of an intrinsic motivation intervention. Child & Youth Care Forum, 40(2), 135–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, F., Hutchings, J., Bywater, T., & Whitaker, C. (2010). Who benefits and how does it work? Moderators and mediators of outcome in an effectiveness trial of a parenting intervention. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39(4), 568–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginott, H. G. (1965). Between parent and child: New solutions to old problems. Macmillan.

  • Gray, M. R., & Steinberg, L. (1999). Unpacking authoritative parenting: Reassessing a multidimensional construct. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 574–587. https://doi.org/10.2307/353561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grolnick, W. S., Gurland, S. T., DeCourcey, W., & Jacob, K. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of mothers’ autonomy support: An experimental investigation. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.38.1.143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grolnick, W. S., Levitt, M. R., Caruso, A. J., & Lerner, R. E. (2021). Effectiveness of a brief preventive parenting intervention based in self-determination theory. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(4), 905–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01908-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grolnick, W. S., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2009). Issues and challenges in studying parental control: Toward a new conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3(3), 165–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grolnick, W. S., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Parent styles associated with children’s self-regulation and competence in school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(2), 143–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurland, S. T., & Grolnick, W. S. (2005). Perceived threat, controlling parenting, and children’s achievement orientations. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 103–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Havighurst, S. S., Wilson, K. R., Harley, A. E., Kehoe, C., Efron, D., & Prior, M. R. (2013). “Tuning into Kids”: reducing young children’s behavior problems using an emotion coaching parenting program. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev, 44(2), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0322-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Houlfort, N. (2004). Introducing uninteresting tasks to children: A comparison of the effects of rewards and autonomy support. Journal of Personality, 72(1), 139–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00259.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joussemet, M., Landry, R., & Koestner, R. (2008). A self-determination theory perspective on parenting. Canadian Psychology, 49(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joussemet, M., Mageau, G. A., & Koestner, R. (2014). Promoting optimal parenting and children’s mental health: A preliminary evaluation of the how-to parenting program. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 949–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9751-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., Filene, J. H., & Boyle, C. L. (2008). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(4), 567–589. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E., & Wassell, G. (1999). Barriers to treatment participation and therapeutic change among children referred for conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(2), 160–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koestner, R., Ryan, R. M., Bernieri, F., & Holt, K. (1984). Setting limits on children’s behavior: The differential effects of controlling vs. informational styles on intrinsic motivation and creativity. Journal of Personality, 52(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00879.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lengua, L. J. (2006). Growth in temperament and parenting as predictors of adjustment during children’s transition to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 819–832.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lohaus, A., Vierhaus, M., & Ball, J. (2009). Parenting styles and health-related behavior in childhood and early adolescence: Results of a longitudinal study. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 29(4), 449–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431608322954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorah, J. (2018). Effect size measures for multilevel models: definition, interpretation, and TIMSS example. Large-scale Assessments in Education, 6(1), 8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-018-0061-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundahl, B., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2006). A meta-analysis of parent training: Moderators and follow-up effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 86–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mageau, G. A., & Joussemet, M. (2022). Autonomy-supportive behaviors: common features and variability across socialization domains. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Self-Determination Theory. Oxford University Press. in press

  • Mageau, G. A., Lessard, J., Carpentier, J., Robichaud, J.-M., Joussemet, M., & Koestner, R. (2018). Effectiveness and acceptability beliefs regarding logical consequences and mild punishments. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 54, 12–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mageau, G. A., Ranger, F., Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Moreau, E., & Forest, J. (2015). Validation of the perceived parental autonomy support scale (P-PASS). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 47(3), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maughan, B., & Rutter, M. (2008). Development and psychopathology: A life course perspective. In M. Rutter, D. Bishop, D. Pine, S. Scott, J. Stevenson, E. Taylor, & A. Thapar (Eds.), Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry (5th ed., pp. 160–181). Wiley-Blackwell.

  • Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Chamberlain, P. (1994). A functional analysis of resistance during parent training therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1(1), 53–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., & Fisher, P. A. (2002). Recent developments in our understanding of parenting: Bidirectional effects, causal models, and the search for parsimony. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5: Practical issues in parenting (2nd ed., pp. 59–88). Lawrence Erlbaum.

  • Putnam, S. P., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Development of short and very short forms of the children’s behavior questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 87(1), 102–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robichaud, J.-M., Roy, M., Ranger, F., & Mageau, G. A. (2020). The impact of environmental threats on controlling parenting and children’s motivation. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(7), 804–813.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothenberg, W. A., Lansford, J. E., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bornstein, M. H., & Yotanyamaneewong, S. (2020). Examining effects of mother and father warmth and control on child externalizing and internalizing problems from age 8 to 13 in nine countries. Development and Psychopathology, 32(3), 1113–1137. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419001214.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. The Guilford Press.

  • Sanders, M. R. (2001). Helping families change: From clinical interventions to population-based strategies. In Couples in conflict. (pp. 185-219). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

  • Sanders, M. R., Cann, W., & Markie-Dadds, C. (2003). The triple P-positive parenting programme: A universal population-level approach to the prevention of child abuse. Child Abuse Review, 12(3), 155–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, E. S. (1965). Children’s reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development, 36, 413–424. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serketich, W. J., & Dumas, J. E. (1996). The effectiveness of behavioral parent training to modify antisocial behavior in children: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27(2), 171–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Supplee, L., Gardner, F., & Arnds, K. (2006). Randomized trial of a family-centered approach to the prevention of early conduct problems: 2-year effects of the family check-up in early childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sirois, M.-S., Bernier, A., Gagné, C.-M., & Mageau, G. A. (2021). Early maternal autonomy support as a predictor of child internalizing and externalizing behavior trajectories across early childhood. Social Development, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12575

  • Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Beyers, W., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Adolescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 633–646.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Hockaday, C., & Shin, C. Y. (1996). Barriers to participation in family skills preventive interventions and their evaluations: A replication and extension. Family Relations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Family Studies, 45(3), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.2307/585496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stipek, D., & Mac Iver, D. (1989). Developmental change in children’s assessment of intellectual competence. Child Development, 60(3), 521–538. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, T. K., & Biglan, A. (1998). Behavioral family interventions for improving child-rearing: A review of the literature for clinicians and policy makers. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 1(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021848315541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van de Looij-Jansen, P. M., Jansen, W., de Wilde, E. J., Donker, M. C. H., & Verhulst, F. C. (2011). Discrepancies between parent-child reports of internalizing problems among preadolescent children: relationships with gender, ethnic background, and future internalizing problems. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31(3), 443–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431610366243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Akker, A. L., Deković, M., Prinzie, P., & Asscher, J. J. (2010). Toddlers’ temperament profiles: stability and relations to negative and positive parenting. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(4), 485–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9379-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van der Kaap-Deeder, J., Soenens, B., Mouratidis, A., De Pauw, S., Krøjgaard, P., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2020). Towards a detailed understanding of preschool children’s memory-related functioning and emotion regulation: The role of parents’ observed reminiscence style, memory valence, and parental gender. Developmental Psychology, 56(9), 1696–1708. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasquez, A. C., Patall, E. A., Fong, C. J., Corrigan, A. S., & Pine, L. (2016). Parent autonomy support, academic achievement, and psychosocial functioning: A meta-analysis of research. Educational Psychology Review, 28(3), 605–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9329-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitaro, F., & Gagnon, C. (2000). La prévention des problèmes d’adaptation chez les enfants et les adolescents, tome 1: les problèmes internalisés. Presses de l’Université du Québec.

  • Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979). Child rearing and children’s prosocial initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50(2), 319–330. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The Fond de recherche du Québec – Société et culture (FRQSC) funded and facilitated this research through a grant to the first and second author (FRQ-SC SE-164466).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada

    Geneviève A. Mageau, Mireille Joussemet & Fanny Grenier

  2. UQAM, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Chantal Paquin

Authors
  1. Geneviève A. Mageau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mireille Joussemet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chantal Paquin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fanny Grenier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Geneviève A. Mageau.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical Approval

All procedures were approved by the first’s author research ethics committee and are in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mageau, G.A., Joussemet, M., Paquin, C. et al. How-to-Parenting-Program: Change in Parenting and Child Mental Health over One Year. J Child Fam Stud 31, 3498–3513 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02442-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02442-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation