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Exposure to Negative Life Events and Parental Subjective Evaluations of Stress: A Meta-Analysis

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Abstract

Parental stress is an important correlate of numerous parenting problems and child outcome. However, measures of parental stress do not always refer to similar concepts. In general, there is wide recognition that, as a stress-related concept, parental stress is anchored in the experience of negative life events (NLEs). Other researchers have defined stress in terms of questionnaire-based subjective measures (SMs). Several studies suggest that the relation between NLEs and SMs varies. Among the possible moderators of this association is the type of SM, participant characteristics, the period of parenthood examined, and the use of prospective or retrospective research designs. The purpose of the present meta-analysis is to provide a better understanding of the relation between parental exposure to NLEs and SMs. Studies published between 1970 and June 2020 were selected using MEDLINE and PSYCINFO. Inclusion criteria required that studies involve parents of 0 to 18-year-old children and report an association between NLEs and SMs. Results for the 31 studies meeting criteria showed a moderate relation between parental NLEs and SMs (d = 0.54***, p < 0.001; Q = 324.10***; k = 31). Moderation analyses revealed that the type of SM, period of parenthood and geographical region moderated effect sizes. The NLE-SM association was greatest for “state” measures of stress, with effect size for “trait” assessments being non-significant. Greater effect size was also found for studies conducted during the prenatal period and in North America. Discussion focuses on defining stress more precisely when addressing the circumstances in which parenting takes place.

Highlights

  • A moderate relation was found between negative life events exposure and parental subjective measures of stress.

  • Association was greatest for “state” measures of stress, with effect size for “trait” assessments being non-significant.

  • Greater effect size was found for studies conducted during the prenatal period and in North America.

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Funding

The research leading to these results received funding from Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et Culture under Grant Agreement No 207950.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, Laval University, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, 2325 Allée des Bibliothèques, Québec, Qc, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Audrey Gauthier-Légaré, George M. Tarabulsy, Lisa-Marie Gagné & Émilie Langlois

  2. University Centre for Research on Youth and Families (Centre de Recherche Universitaire sur les Jeunes et les Familles - CRUJeF), 2915 avenue du Bourg-Royal, Québec, Qc, G1C 3S2, Canada

    Audrey Gauthier-Légaré, George M. Tarabulsy, Geneviève Ouellet, Lisa-Marie Gagné & Émilie Langlois

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières, 3600 rue Sainte-Marguerite, Trois-Rivières, Qc, G9A 5H7, Canada

    Geneviève Ouellet

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Contributions

A.G.-L. conceptualized, designed the study and the data collection, carried out the initial analyses, drafted the initial manuscript, coordinated and supervised data collection and reviewed and revised the manuscript. G.M.T. conceptualized and designed the study, coordinated and supervised data collection, drafted the initial manuscript, reviewed and revised the manuscript. G.O. helped conceptualize research questions as well as finding, selecting and reading articles, extracting data and organizing information to ensure that the data set was valid. L.M.G. selected, extracted data and helped validate the data set. She also participated in data analysis and revised early drafts. É.L. helped conceptualize the study, read and selected articles, extracted data and participated in data analysis and revised early drafts. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors participated in conceptualizing the study, defining questions and data collection, extraction and data analysis.

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Correspondence to Audrey Gauthier-Légaré.

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Gauthier-Légaré, A., Tarabulsy, G.M., Ouellet, G. et al. Exposure to Negative Life Events and Parental Subjective Evaluations of Stress: A Meta-Analysis. J Child Fam Stud 31, 3435–3449 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02299-w

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