Abstract
Hong Kong adolescents are at increased risk for poor psychological well-being. A higher quality relationship between adolescents and their mothers may promote positive adjustment, given the strong family-oriented culture in Hong Kong. Potential pathways by which the mother–adolescent relationship may facilitate better adolescent subjective well-being, however, remains unclear. Current resilience theories underscore the importance of examining the role of external resources for individual’s resilience capacity, and cascading effects of family functioning on adolescent subjective well-being outcomes by promoting their resilience resources. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a higher quality mother–adolescent relationship will be associated with better adolescent subjective well-being via improved resilience resources. Adolescents from Hong Kong (N = 133; M age = 11 years, SD = 0.21, 51.8% female) reported on their relationship with their mothers, resilience resources, and subjective well-being at Time 1 and one year later at Time 2. We used the half-longitudinal mediation model for testing mediation with two time points. Both resilience resources and mother–adolescent relationship quality were positively associated with adolescent subjective well-being, concurrently and one year later. Further, adolescents’ resilience resources mediated the association between mother–adolescent relationship quality and their subjective well-being one-year later. Our findings provide support for the cascading effect of external resources (i.e., mother–adolescent relationship quality) on adolescents’ resilience resources and their later subjective well-being. The findings can inform the improvement of existing resilience enhancement programs by adding components that strengthen family relationships.
Highlights
-
We used a half-longitudinal mediation model to test the pathway by which mother–adolescent relationship quality is associated with Hong Kong adolescents’ subjective well-being over time.
-
Findings support that adolescents’ resilience resources mediated the longitudinal link between mother–adolescent relationship quality and adolescents’ subjective well-being.
-
Findings have practical implications for improving existing resilience-based intervention programs among Hong Kong adolescents, by integrating intervention components to improve mother–adolescent relationship quality.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Note. Paths a2 and b2 represent the indirect pathway for the alternative model in which subjective well-being predicts mother–adolescent relationship quality via resilience resources. Covariates of adolescent sex, adolescent IQ, mother’s marital status, and monthly family income were added as separate variables in the model
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amato, P. R. (1994). Father–child relations, mother–child relations, and offspring psychological well-being in early adulthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(4), 1031–1042.
Anderson, J. (2014). The impact of family structure on the health of children: effects of divorce. The Linacre Quarterly, 81(4), 378–387. https://doi.org/10.1179/0024363914Z.00000000087.
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939.
Armstrong, M. I., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., & Ungar, M. T. (2005). Pathways between social support, family wellbeing, quality of parenting, and child resilience: what we know. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 14(2), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-005-5054-4.
Arslan, G. (2016). Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: the mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Child Abuse and Neglect, 52, 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.09.010.
Benson, P.L., Scales, P.C., & Syvertsen, A.K. (2011). The contribution of the developmental assets framework to positive youth development theory and practice. In R.M. Lerner, J.V. Lerner, J.B. Benson (Eds.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 41. pp. 197–230). New York: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386492-5.00008-7.
Brennan, P. A., Le Brocque, R., & Hammen, C. (2003). Maternal depression, parent-child relationships, and resilient outcomes in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1469–1477. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200312000-00014.
Bech, P., Olsen, L. R., Kjoller, M., & Rasmussen, N. K. (2003). Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF-36 mental health subscale and the WHO-five well-being scale. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12(2), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.145.
Brenning, K., Soenens, B., Van Petegem, S., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2015). Perceived maternal autonomy support and early adolescent emotion regulation: a longitudinal study. Social Development, 24(3), 561–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12107.
Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. (2013). Quarterly Report on General Household Survey: July to September 2013. https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B10500012013QQ03B0100.pdf.
Chan, S. M., Bowes, J., & Wyver, S. (2009). Chinese parenting in Hong Kong: links among goals, beliefs and styles. Early Childhood Development and Care, 179(1), 849–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430701536525.
Chan, S. M., Poon, S. F. O., & Hang Tang, E. M. (2016). Daily hassles, cognitive emotion regulation and anxiety in children. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 11(3), 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2016.1214887.
Chen, W. W. (2014). The relationship between perceived parenting style, filial piety, and life satisfaction in Hong Kong. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(3), 308–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036819.
Chen, H., & Lan, W. (1998). Adolescents’ perceptions of their parents’ academic expectations: comparison of American, Chinese-American, and Chinese high school students. Adolescence, 33(130), 385–390.
Chen, X., & Rubin, H. (1997). Maternal acceptance and social and school adjustment in Chinese children: a four-year longitudinal study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 43(4), 663–681.
Chen-Gaddini, M., Liu, J. & Nucci, L. (2020). “It’s my own business!” Parental control over personal issues in the context of everyday adolescent-parent conflicts and internalizing disorders among urban Chinese adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 56(9), 1775–1786. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001053.
Choi, P. E., & Hung, S. F. (2011). Overview of adolescent mental health problems in Hong Kong. Journal of Youth Studies, 14(1), 3–8.
Chuang, S. S., Glozman, J., Green, D. S., & Rasmi, S. (2018). Parenting and family relationships in Chinese families: a critical ecological approach. Journal of Family Theory & Resilience, 10(2), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12257.
Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2018). Advances and open questions in the science of subjective well-being. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1), 15 https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.115.
Doty, J. L., Davis, L., & Arditti, J. A. (2017). Cascading resilience: leverage points in promoting parent and child well-being. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 9(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12175.
Education Bureau. (2014). The Understanding Adolescent Project. https://www.edb.gov.hk/en/teacher/student-guidance-discipline-services/projects-services/understanding-adolescent-project-primary/index.html.
Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Enders, C. K., & Bandalos, D. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 8(3), 430–457. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0803_5.
Essau, C. A., Leung, P. W. L., Conradt, J., Cheng, H., & Wong, T. (2008). Anxiety symptoms in Chinese and German adolescents: their relationship with early learning experiences, perfectionism, and learning motivation. Depression and Anxiety, 25(9), 801–810. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20334.
Fanti, K. A., Henrich, C. C., Brookmeyer, K. A., & Kuperminc, G. P. (2008). Toward a transactional model of parent-adolescent relationship quality and adolescent psychological adjustment. Journal of Early Adolescence, 28(2), 252–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431607312766.
Fok, H.-K., & Shek, D. T. L. (2011). A conceptual critique of parenting research in Hong Kong. International Journal of Adolescent Mental Health, 23(2), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJAMH.2011.018.
Fu, C., Leoutsakos, J. M., & Underwood, C. (2013). Moderating effects of a postdisaster intervention on risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in Chinese children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 663–673. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21871.
Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: a building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00276.x.
Hedley, A. J., Wong, T. W., Hui, L. L., Malisch, R., & Nelson, E. A. (2006). Breast milk dioxins in Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(2), 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8116.
Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.008.
Ho, K. Y., Li, W. H. C., Chung, J. O. K., Lam, K. K. W., Chan, S. S. C., & Xia, W. (2016). Factors contributing to the psychological well-being for Hong Kong Chinese children from low-income families: a qualitative study. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 10(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-016-0088-0.
Hong Kong-Wechsler intelligence scales for children, Fourth Edition (HK-WISC-IV): test administration and scoring manual. (n.d.). China: Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
Hu, J., & Ai, H. (2016). Self-esteem mediates the effect of the parent-adolescent relationship on depression. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(6), 897–904. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314541315.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424.
Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 79, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.039.
Hui, L. L., Lam, H. S., Lau, E. Y. Y., Nelson, E. A. S., Wong, T. W., & Fielding, R. (2016). Prenatal dioxin exposure and neurocognitive development in Hong Kong 11-year-old children. Environmental Research, 150, 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/jenvres.2016.06.003.
Jiang, X., Huebner, S., & Hills, K. J. (2013). Parent attachment and early adolescents’ life satisfaction: the mediating effect of hope. Psychology in the Schools, 50(4), 340–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21680.
Kee, K. F., & Schrock, A. R. (2020). Telephone interviewing as a qualitative methodology for researching cyberinfrastructure and virtual organizations. In J. Hunsinger, M. M. Allen & L. Klastrup (Eds.), Second international handbook of internet research (pp. 351–365). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). A longitudinal study of child maltreatment, mother–child relationship quality and maltreatment: the role of self-esteem and social competence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(4), 341–357. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jacp.0000030289.17006.5a.
Kong, C. L., Lee, C. C., Ip, Y. C., Chow, L. P., Leung, C. H., & Lam, Y. C. (2016). Validation of the Hong Kong Cantonese version of World Health Organization five well-being index for people with severe mental illness. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry, 26(1), 18–21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27086756
Lee, M. T. Y., Wong, B. P., Chow, B. W.-Y., & McBride-Chang, C. (2006). Predictors of suicide ideation and depression in Hong Kong adolescents: perceptions of academic and family climates. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 36(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2006.36.1.82.
Legislative Council Secretariat. (2018, January 18). Overall study hours and student well-being in Hong Kong. [Information note IN05/17-18]. https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1718in05-overall-study-hours-and-student-well-being-in-hong-kong-20180130-e.pdf.
Li, J.-B., Delvecchio, E., Miconi, D., Salcuni, S., & Di Riso, D. (2014). Parental attachment among Chinese, Italian, and Costa Rican adolescents: a cross-cultural study. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 118–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.036.
Li, X., Harrison, S. E., Fairchild, A. J., Chi, P., Zhao, J., & Zhao, G. (2017). A randomized controlled trial of a resilience-based intervention on psychosocial well-being of children affected by HIV/AIDS: effects at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Social Science & Medicine, 190, 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.007.
Lui, P. P. (2019). Rethinking the acculturation gap-distress theory among Asian Americans: testing bidirectional indirect relations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89(6), 627–639. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000322.
Lui, P. P., & Rollock, D. (2018). Greater than the sum of its parts: development of a measure of collectivism among Asians. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(2), 242–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000163.
Luthar, S. S., Grossman, E. J., & Small, P. J. (2015). Resilience and adversity. In M. E. Lamb & R. M. Lerner (Eds), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: socioemotional processes (pp. 247–286). Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Ma, C. Q., & Huebner, E. S. (2008). Attachment relationships and adolescents’ life satisfaction: some relationships matter more to girls than boys. Psychology in the Schools, 45(2), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20288.
Mandleco, B. L., & Peery, J. C. (2000). An organizational framework for conceptualizing resilience in children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 13(3), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-3171.2000.tb0086.x.
Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 921–930. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407000442.
Masten, A. S. (2014). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child Development, 85(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12205.
Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience theory and research on children and families: past, present, and promise. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 10(1), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12255.
McClain, D. B., Wolchik, S. A., Winslow, E., Tein, J.-Y., Sandler, I. N., & Millsap, R. E. (2010). Developmental cascade effects of the New Beginnings Program on adolescent adaptation outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 22(4), 771–784. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000453.
Milton, A. C., Ellis, L. A., Davenport, T. A., Burns, J. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2017). Comparison of self-reported telephone interviewing and web-based survey responses: findings from the second Australian young and well national survey. JMIR Mental Health, 4(3), e37 https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.8222.
Moreira, H., Gouveia, M. J., Carona, C., Silva, N., & Canavarro, M. C. (2015). Maternal attachment and children’s quality of life: the mediating role of self-compassion and parenting stress. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(8), 2332–2344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0036-z.
Ng, E. C. W., Chan, C. C., & Lai, M. K. (2014). Hope and life satisfaction among underprivileged children in Hong Kong: the mediating role of perceived community support. Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 352–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21614.
Nie, Y. G., Li, J. B., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2016). Self-control mediates the associations between parental attachment and prosocial behavior among Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 36–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.077.
OECD. (2017). PISA 2015 results (Volume III): Students’ Well-Being. PISA, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264266490-en.
Parker, P. D., Ciarrochi, J., Heaven, P., Marshall, S., Sahdra, B., & Kiuru, N. (2014). Hope, friends, and subjective well-being: a social network approach to peer group contextual effects. Child Development, 86(2), 642–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12308.
Portes, P. R., & Zady, M. F. (2002). Self-esteem in the adaptation of Spanish-speaking adolescents: the role of immigration, family conflict, and depression. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 24(3), 296–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986302024003003.
Qi, D., & Wu, Y. (2020). Family income and children’s emotional wellbeing: the mediational role of parents’ life satisfaction and emotional wellbeing in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207573.
Raudino, A., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (2013). The quality of parent/child relationships in adolescence is associated with poor adult psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 36(2), 331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.002.
Roeder, K. M., & Cole, D. A. (2018). Prospective relations between peer victimization and suicidal ideation: potential cognitive mediators. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42(6), 769–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-018-9937-0.
Ronan, K. R., Alisic, E., Towers, B., Johnson, V. A. & Johnston, D. M. (2015). Disaster preparedness for children and families: a critical review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 17, 58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0589-6.
Rosenberg, A. R., Bradford, M. C., McCauley, E., Curtis, J. R., Wolfe, J., Baker, K. S., & Yi-Frazier, J. P. (2018). Promoting resilience in adolescents and young adults with cancer: results from the PRISM randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 124(19), 3909–3917. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31666.
Sameroff, A. J., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2006). Psychosocial constraints on the development of resilience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094, 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1376.010.
Sawyer, S. M., Azzopardi, P. S., Wickremarathne, D., & Patton, G. C. (2018). The age of adolescence. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(3), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1.
Selig, J.P., & Preacher, K.J. (2008). Monte Carlo method for assessing mediation: an interactive tool for creating confidence intervals for indirect effects. [Computer software]. https://quantpsy.org/.
Shek, D. T. L. (2005). Perceived parental control processes, parent–child relational qualities, and psychological well-being in Chinese adolescents with and without economic disadvantage. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 166(2), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.166.2.171-188.
Shek, D. T. L. (2008). Evaluation of project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong: triangulation of findings based on different evaluation strategies. The Scientific World Journal, 8, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.21.
Shek, D. T. L., Chi, X., & Lin, L. (2016). Change and correlates of resilience in high school students in Hong Kong: findings based on six waves of longitudinal data. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 15(4), 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijdhd-2017-5006.
Shek, D. T. L., Dou, D., Zhu, X., & Chai, W. (2019). Positive youth development: current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine, and Therapeutics, 10, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S179946.
Shek, D. T. L., & Li, X. (2014). Subjective well-being of early adolescents in Hong Kong. In D. T. L. Shek, R. C. F. Sun & C. M. S. Ma (Eds.), Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: family life, psychological well-being and risk behavior (pp. 93–109). Singapore: Springer.
Shek, D. T. L., & Liang, L. Y. (2018). Psychosocial factors influencing individual well-being in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: a six-year longitudinal study. Applied Research Quality Life, 13, 561–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-017-9545-4.
Shek, D. T. L., Shu, X., & Ma, C. M. S. (2018). The influence of parental control and parent-child relational qualities on adolescent internet addiction: a 3-year longitudinal study in Hong Kong. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 642 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00642.
Shek, D. T. L., & Siu, A. M. H. (2019a). Adolescent mental health policy and services in Hong Kong: seven unresolved problems waiting for solutions. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(6), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.032.
Shek, D. T. L., & Siu, A. M. H. (2019b). “UNHAPPY” environment for adolescent development in Hong Kong. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(6), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.01.001.
Shek, D. T. L., & Zhu, X. (2019). Paternal and maternal influences on delinquency among early adolescents in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(8), 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081338.
Skrzypiec, G., Askell-Williams, H., Zhao, X., Du, W., Cao, F., & Xing, L. (2018). Predictors of Mainland Chinese students’ well-being. Psychology in the Schools, 55(5), 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22122.
Song, H., Thompson, R. A., & Ferrer, E. (2009). Attachment and self-evaluation in Chinese adolescents: age and gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 32(5), 1267–1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.01.001.
Stafford, M., Kuh, D. L., Gale, C. R., Mishra, G., & Richards, M. (2016). Parent–child relationships and offspring’s positive mental wellbeing adolescence to early older age. Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1081971.
Sun, Jing, & Stewart, D. (2007). Age and gender effects on resilience in children and adolescents. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 9(4), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2007.9721845.
The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust. (2006). P.A.T.H.S project. https://www.paths.hk/en/program-evaluations/evaluation-info/.
Tian, L., Liu, L., & Shan, N. (2018). Parent–child relationships and resilience among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1030. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01030.
Tiet, Q. Q., Bird, H. R., Davies, M., Hoven, C., Cohen, P., Jensen, P. S., & Goodman, S. (1998). Adverse life events and resilience. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1191–1200. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199811000-00020.
Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Volinn, E., Yang, B., He, J., Sheng, X., Ying, J., Volinn, W., Zhang, J., & Zuo, Y. (2010). West China hospital set of measures in Chinese to evaluate back pain treatment. Pain Medicine, 11(5), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00846.x.
World Health Organization. (2021). Adolescent health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health/.
Wong, S. M., Leung, A. N., & McBride-Chang, C. (2010). Adolescent filial piety as a moderator between perceived maternal control and mother–adolescent relationship quality in Hong Kong. Social Development, 19(1), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00523.x.
Wu, S. L., & Yaacob, S. N. (2017). Self-efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between parental closeness and suicidal ideation among Malaysian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22(2), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12188.
Xu, G., Bullock, A., Yang, P., & Liu, J. (2021). Psychological control and internalizing problems: the mediating role of mother-child relationship quality. Parenting, 21(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2020.1831295.
Ying, Y.-W., Lee, P. A., & Tsai, J. L. (2007). Predictors of depressive symptoms in Chinese American college students: parent and peer attachment, college challenges and sense of coherence. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(2), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.2.316.
Yu, X. N., Lau, J. T. F., Mak, W. W. S., Zhang, J., & Lui, W. W. S. (2011). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale among Chinese adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 52(2), 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.05.010.
Yuen, W. W. Y., Liu, L. L., & Tse, S. (2019). Adolescent mental health problems in Hong Kong: a critical review on prevalence, psychosocial correlates, and prevention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(6), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.005.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region [Project No. CityU 11671116], National Natural Science Foundation of China [Project No. 31800952], and Shenzhen Philosophy and Social Sciences Fund in the 13th Five-year Plan [Project No. SZ2018B020], P. R. China. Kouros is a former trainee (2008–2011) on NIMH training grant T32-MH19821.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethical Approval
The study procedures involving human participants were in compliance with ethical standards and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration. We obtained ethics approval from Human Subjects Ethics Sub-committee at [City University of Hong Kong], protocol no. H000304.
Informed Consent
Parents provided informed consent and adolescent participants provided informed assent.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Qu, D., Huang, J., Yu, N.X. et al. Association between Mother–Adolescent Relationship Quality and Subjective well-being: Resilience Resources as a Mediating factor among Hong Kong Chinese Adolescents. J Child Fam Stud 30, 1990–2002 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01987-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01987-3