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Gender Differences in Treatment-Seeking Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Abstract

The estimated prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is consistently higher in males than females. Gender differences in ASD have long been debated and are influenced by the historical period and source of the sample. The current study reports gender differences in core symptoms, associated features, and treatment response in 682 youth (585 males, 97 females) with ASD. The sample included participants (mean = 7.4 years; range 3–17 years) from six federally-funded, multisite, randomized clinical trials. These trials collected the same measures of social disability, repetitive behavior, adaptive skills, disruptive behavior, and anxiety pretreatment and used the Improvement scale of the Clinical Global Impression at study endpoint. Exploratory analyses yielded no differences between males and females across numerous pre-treatment measures. The rate of positive response was 49.7% for males and 53.6% for females (Chi square = 0.50; p = 0.48). In this sample of convenience, youth with ASD clinical characteristics and response to treatment showed no significant gender differences.

Highlights

  • This study is the first analysis of gender differences in a large sample of treatment-seeking youth with ASD.

  • Participants included 682 youth with ASD enrolled in six multisite clinical trials.

  • No differences were found between males and females with ASD across pre-treatment characterizing measures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marcus Autism Center, 1920 Briarcliff Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Tom Cariveau, Jessica Bradshaw, Valentina Postorino, M. Alice Shillingsburg & Lawrence Scahill

  2. Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Dr, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Tom Cariveau, Courtney E. McCracken, Jessica Bradshaw, Valentina Postorino & Lawrence Scahill

  3. Lurie Center for Autism, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Christopher J. McDougle

  4. Ohio State University, 1581 Dodd Dr, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Michael G. Aman

  5. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA

    James T. McCracken

  6. Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Elaine Tierney

  7. Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Dr, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0165, USA

    Cynthia Johnson

  8. Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Nisonger Center, 371D McCampbell Hall, 1581 Dodd Dr, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Luc Lecavalier

  9. School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 671, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA

    Tristram Smith

  10. Indiana University Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA

    Naomi B. Swiezy

  11. Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Benioff Children’s Hospitals, University of California, 401 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA

    Bryan H. King

  12. Autism and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA

    Eric Hollander

  13. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Linmarie Sikich

  14. Division of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Turin, Italy

    Benedetto Vitiello

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  1. Tom Cariveau
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  2. Courtney E. McCracken
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  3. Jessica Bradshaw
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  18. Lawrence Scahill
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Correspondence to Tom Cariveau.

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Conflict of Interest

L.Scahill has served as a consultant to Neuren, Roche, Supernus, Shire, Bracket, and CB Partners. He receives book royalties from Oxford and Guilford. B.V. has served as a consultant to the law firm Gowling, Ottawa, Canada. M.G.A. has received research contracts, consulted with, served on advisory boards, or done investigator training for Aevi Genomic Medicine; AMO Pharma; Bracket Global; CogState, Inc.; CogState Clinical Trials, Ltd.; Confluence Pharmaceutica; Coronado Biosciences; Hoffman-La Roche; Johnson and Johnson; Lumos Pharma; MedAvante, Inc.; Ovid Therapeutics; ProPhase LLC; and Supernus Pharmaceuticals. E.H. has received research grants from Roche, Curemark and Enzymatica. J.T.M. has served as a consultant to Roche, Alcobra Pharmaceuticals, and Think Now, Inc. He has served as an expert witness for Kremers Urban Pharmaceuticals. He has received research support from Roche and Psyadon Pharmaceuticals. B.H.K. has served as a consultant to the Simons Foundation, Care Management Technology, and Neurotrope. He has also received research funding from Janssen and Roche. C.J.M., T.C., A.S., V.P., J.B., L.L., N.B.S., T.S., C.J., E.T., and C.E.M. declare that they have no conflict of interest. All authors have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.

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Cariveau, T., McCracken, C.E., Bradshaw, J. et al. Gender Differences in Treatment-Seeking Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Child Fam Stud 30, 784–792 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01905-7

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