Abstract
Objectives
Although subgroups of adolescent problem behaviors (PBs) may exist and have different characteristics, most available studies have focused on exploring a single PB. Thus, we aimed to investigate latent classes of adolescent PBs and to identify important predictors of latent class membership.
Methods
We analyzed nationally representative secondary data—Waves 4 and 5 of the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey—obtained from the 2010 cohort of seventh graders and their parents. Specifically, using seven PBs (e.g., daily smoking, monthly drinking, and sexual intercourse) measured in Wave 5, we conducted a latent class analysis (LCA) to identify the model that best fit the data. In the next step, we conducted an LCA with covariates to investigate Wave-4 predictors of latent class membership.
Results
In our study, a three-latent-class model best fit the data: the Low Risk class (78%) characterized by low probabilities of engagement in all PBs, Non-Habitual Alcohol Use class (14%), and Habitual Cigarette and Alcohol Use class (7%). In addition, successful predictors of latent class membership included gender, parental education, friendships, relationships with teachers, parental affection, abuse inflicted by parents, and aggression.
Conclusions
Health professionals should develop interventions tailored to each homogeneous subgroups of PBs in order to obtain more effective outcomes. Additionally, when developing these interventions, they should consider multilevel characteristics (e.g., individual, peer, and parental factors) that differentiate these subgroups.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x.
Agnew, R. (2004). Stability and change in crime over the life course: a strain theory explanation. In T. P. Thornberry (Ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Ahmadi-Montecalvo, H., Lilly, C. L., Zullig, K. J., Jarrett, T., Cottrell, L. A., & Dino, G. A. (2019). A latent class analysis of the co-occurrence of risk behaviors among adolescents. American Journal of Health Behavior, 43(3), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.43.3.1.
Akers, R. (2009). Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., van Dulmen, M. H. M., & Alan Sroufe, L. (2005). When more is not better: the role of cumulative risk in child behavior outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(3), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00351.x.
Assanangkornchai, S., Li, J., McNeil, E., & Saingam, D. (2018). Clusters of alcohol and drug use and other health-risk behaviors among Thai secondary school students: a latent class analysis. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1272. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6205-z.
Bergin, C. C., & Bergin, D. A. (2014). Child and adolescent development in your classroom. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Bierman, K. L. (2004). Peer rejection: developmental processes and intervention strategies. New York, NY: Guilford Publications.
Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (2000). Stability and variability of adolescents’ affiliation with delinquent friends: predictors and consequences. Social Development, 9(2), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00120.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00114.
Chen, C., Greenberger, E., Lester, J., Dong, Q., & Guo, M. S. (1998). A cross-cultural study of family and peer correlates of adolescent misconduct. Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 770–781.
Chen, X., & Gorrell, P. (2008). An introduction to the SAS survey analysis PROCs. www.lexjansen.com/nesug/nesug08/sa/sa06.pdf.
Choi, J.-W., Park, E.-C., Kim, J.-H., & Park, S.-H. (2017). Do causes of stress differ in their association with problem drinking by sex in Korean adolescents? Addictive Behaviors, 64, 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.013.
Chun, J., & Chung, I. (2013). Gender differences in factors influencing smoking, drinking, and their co-occurrence among adolescents in South Korea. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(2), 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts181.
Collins, L. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2010). Latent class and latent transition analysis: with applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Connell, C., Gilreath, T., Aklin, W., & Brex, R. (2010). Social-ecological influences on patterns of substance use among non-metropolitan high school students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 45(1–2), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9289-x.
Connell, C. M., Cook, E. C., Aklin, W. M., Vanderploeg, J. J., & Brex, R. A. (2011). Risk and protective factors associated with patterns of antisocial behavior among nonmetropolitan adolescents. Aggressive Behavior, 37(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20370.
Conway, K. P., Vullo, G. C., Nichter, B., Wang, J., Compton, W. M., Iannotti, R. J., & Simons-Morton, B. (2013). Prevalence and patterns of polysubstance use in a nationally representative sample of 10th graders in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(6), 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.006.
Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R. (2016). Problem behavior theory and the problem behavior syndrome. In R. Jessor (Ed.), The origins and development of problem behavior theory: the collected works of Richard Jessor (pp. 89–109). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Donovan, J. E, Jessor, R., & Costa, F. M. (2016). Replicating the co-variation of adolescent problem behavior. In R. Jessor (Ed.), The origins and development of problem behavior theory: the collected works of Richard Jessor (pp. 111–116). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Dwyer, K., & Osher, D. (2000). Safeguarding our children: an action guide. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, American Institutes for Research.
Ernst, M., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Moolchan, E. T., Leff, M. K., Allen, R., Eshel, N., & London, E. D. et al. (2006). Behavioral predictors of substance-use initiation in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 117(6), 2030–2039. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-0704.
Evans, G. W., Li, D., & Whipple, S. S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139(6), 1342–1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031808.
Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2008). The relation between childhood proactive and reactive aggression and substance use initiation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9175-7.
Fletcher, A. C., Steinberg, L., & Williams-Wheeler, M. (2004). Parental influences on adolescent problem behavior: revisiting Stattin and Kerr. Child Development, 75(3), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00706.x.
Fox, H. B., McManus, M. A., & Arnold, K. N. (2010). Significant multiple risk behaviors among U.S. high school students. Washington, DC: The National Alliance to Advance Adolescent Health.
Gerard, J. M., & Buehler, C. (2004). Cumulative environmental risk and youth problem behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(3), 702–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00048.x.
Gillmore, M. R., Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Day, L. E., Moore, M., & Abbott, R. (1991). Structure of problem behaviors in preadolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(4), 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.4.499.
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Greenberger, E., Chen, C., Beam, M., Whang, S.-M., & Dong, Q. (2000). The perceived social contexts of adolescents' misconduct: a comparative study of youths in three cultures. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10(3), 365–388. https://doi.org/10.1207/SJRA1003_7.
Grusec, J. E., & Hastings, P. D. (2014). Handbook of socialization, second edition: theory and research. New York, NY: Guilford Publlications.
Hair, E. C., Park, M. J., Ling, T. J., & Moore, K. A. (2009). Risky behaviors in late adolescence: co-occurrence, predictors, and consequences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(3), 253–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.02.009.
Hasking, P. A., Scheier, L. M., & Abdallah, A. B. (2011). The three latent classes of adolescent delinquency and the risk factors for membership in each class. Aggressive behavior, 37(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20365.
Hong, J. S., Lee, N. Y., Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Huang, H. (2011). Alcohol and tobacco use among South Korean adolescents: an ecological review of the literature. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(7), 1120–1126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.02.004.
Hwang, S., Kim, D., Kang, T., Son, J., Kim, H., & Kim, J. (2016). 2016 A national survey of youth risk behaviors. Busan, South Korea: Korea Youth Councelling and Welfare Institute.
Jessor, R. (1982). Problem behavior and developmental transition in adolescence. Journal of School Health, 52(5), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1982.tb04626.x.
Jessor, R. (2016). Problem behavior theory over the years. In R. Jessor (Ed.), The origins and development of problem behavior theory: the collected works of richard jessor (pp. 15–42). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: a longitudinal study of youth. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Junger-Tas, J., Marshall, I. H., Enzmann, D., Killias, M., Steketee, M., & Gruszczynska, B. (2010). Juvenile delinquency in Europe and beyond. New York, NY: Springer.
Kalton, G., & Miller, M. E. (1986). Effects of adjustments for wave nonresponse on panel survey estimates. In Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section (pp. 194–199). Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
Kang, C. (2002). Analysis of related factors on high school students smoking and drinking in Incheon (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul, South Korea: Yonsei University.
Kann, L. (2016). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Surveillance Summaries, 65(6), 1–174. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6506a1.
Kážmér, L., Dzúrová, D., Csémy, L., & Spilková, J. (2014). Multiple health risk behaviour in Czech adolescents: family, school and geographic factors. Health & Place, 29, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.05.009.
Kelly, J. G. (2017). Adolescent boys in high school: a psychological study of coping and adaptation. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36(3), 366–380. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.36.3.366.
Khayyati, F., Mohammadpoorasl, A., Allahverdipour, H., AsghariJafarabadi, M., & Kouzekanani, K. (2016). Subgrouping high school students for substance abuse-related behaviors: a latent class analysis. American Journal of Mens Health, 11(4), 1200–1207. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316669046.
Kim, Y.-H. (2001). Korean adolescents’ health risk behaviors and their relationships with the selected psychological constructs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 29(4), 298–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00218-X.
Kipping, R. R., Smith, M., Heron, J., Hickman, M., & Campbell, R. (2015). Multiple risk behaviour in adolescence and socio-economic status: findings from a UK birth cohort. European Journal of Public Health, 25(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku078.
Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E. (2018). Principles of research in behavioral science: fourth edition. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Kokkevi, A., Kanavou, E., Richardson, C., Fotiou, A., Papadopoulou, S., Monshouwer, K., & Matias, J. et al. (2014). Polydrug use by European adolescents in the context of other problem behaviours. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 31(4), 323–342. https://doi.org/10.2478/nsad-2014-0026.
Lane, K. L., Menzies, H. M., Ennis, R. P., & Bezdek, J. (2013). School-wide systems to promote positive behaviors and facilitate instruction. Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 7(1), 6–31. https://doi.org/10.3776/joci.2013.v7n1p6-31.
Lanza, S. T., Coffman, D. L., & Xu, S. (2013). Causal inference in latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 20(3), 361–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2013.797816.
Lanza, S. T., Dziak, J. J., Huang, L., Wagner, A., & Collins, L. M. (2015). PROC LCA & PROC LTA users' guide (Version 1.3.2). University Park: The Methodology Center, Penn State. http://methodology.psu.edu.
Lerner, R. M., & Steinberg, L. (2009). Handbook of adolescent psychology, volume 1: Individual bases of adolescent development. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Li, J. J., & Lee, S. S. (2010). Latent class analysis of antisocial behavior: interaction of serotonin transporter genotype and maltreatment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9409-y.
Liljeberg, J. F., Eklund, J. M., Fritz, M. V., & af Klinteberg, B. (2011). Poor school bonding and delinquency over time: bidirectional effects and sex differences. Journal of Adolescence, 34(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.03.008.
Liu, X., & kaplan, H. B. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in adolescent delinquent behavior: a longitudinal test of mediating mechanisms. Criminology, 37(1), 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00484.x.
Loeber, R., Slot, N. W., Hoeve, M., & Van Der Laan, P. (2008). Tomorrow's criminals: the development of child delinquency and effective interventions. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
McGee, L., & Newcomb, M. D. (1992). General deviance syndrome: expanded hierarchical evaluations at four ages from early adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 766–776. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.60.5.766.
Megens, K. C. I. M., & Weerman, F. M. (2012). The social transmission of delinquency: effects of peer attitudes and behavior revisited. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49(3), 420–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427811408432.
Ministry of Education, & Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). The twelves Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey. Osong, South Korea: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Ministry of Gender Equality & Family (2014). 2014 Comprehensive survey of Korean youth. Seoul, South Korea: Ministry of Gender Equality & Family.
Monahan, K. C., Rhew, I. C., Hawkins, J. D., & Brown, E. C. (2014). Adolescent pathways to co-occurring problem behavior: the effects of peer delinquency and peer substance use. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 24(4), 630–645. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12053.
Namkoong, K., Lee, B.-O., Lee, P.-G., Choi, M.-J., & Lee, E. Korean Acamprosate Clinical Trial Investigators. (2003). Acamprosate in Korean alcohol-dependent patients: a multi-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 38(2), 135–141. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agg038.
National Youth Policy Institute. (2015). Users' guide for 1-5th Korean children and youth panel survey (KCYPS). Sejong, South Korea: National Youth Policy Institute.
National Youth Policy Institute. (2016). The code book for 1-6th Korean children and youth panel survey (KCYPS). Sejong, South Korea: National Youth Policy Institute.
Palen, L. A., Smith, E. A., Caldwell, L. L., Mathews, C., & Vergnani, T. (2009). Transitions to substance use and sexual intercourse among South African high school students. Substance Use and Misuse, 44(13), 1872–1887. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080802544547.
Pilatti, A., Godoy, J. C., Brussino, S. A., & Pautassi, R. M. (2013). Patterns of substance use among Argentinean adolescents and analysis of the effect of age at first alcohol use on substance use behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 38(12), 2847–2850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.007.
Powers, C. J., & Bierman, K. L. (2013). The multifaceted impact of peer relations on aggressive-disruptive behavior in early elementary school. Developmental Psychology, 49(6), 1174–1186. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028400.
Rhee, D., Yun, S.-C., & Khang, Y.-H. (2007). Co-occurrence of problem behaviors in South Korean adolescents: findings from Korea youth panel survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(2), 195–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.08.007.
Ridolfo, H., & Maitland, A. (2011). Factors that influence the accuracy of adolescent proxy reporting of parental characteristics: a research note. Journal of Adolescence, 34(1), 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.01.008.
Rosenberg, M. F., & Anthony, J. C. (2001). Aggressive behavior and opportunities to purchase drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 63(3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00213-1.
Salas-Wright, C. P., Olate, R., & Vaughn, M. G. (2015). Substance use, violence, and HIV risk behavior in El Salvador and the United States: cross-national profiles of the SAVA syndemic. Victims & Offenders, 10(1), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2014.940435.
Shin, S. H., Hong, H. G., & Hazen, A. L. (2010). Childhood sexual abuse and adolescent substance use: a latent class analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109(1), 226–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.013.
Small, E., Suzuki, R., & Maleku, A. (2014). The impact of family and parental education on adolescents' substance use: a study of U.S. high school seniors. Social Work in Public Health, 29(6), 594–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2014.893855.
Sullivan, C. J., Childs, K. K., & O’Connell, D. (2010). Adolescent risk behavior subgroups: an empirical assessment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(5), 541–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9445-5.
Svensson, R. (2003). Gender differences in adolescent drug use: the impact of parental monitoring and peer deviance. Youth & Society, 34(3), 300–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118x02250095.
Terzian, M. A., Andrews, K. M., & Moore, K. A. (2011). Preventing multiple risky behaviors among adolescents: seven strategies. Washington, DC: Child Trends.
Thullen, M. J., Taliaferro, L. A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2016). Suicide ideation and attempts among adolescents engaged in risk behaviors: a latent class analysis. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 26(3), 587–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12199.
Tisak, M. S., Tisak, J., Chen, Y., Fang, Q., & Baker, E. R. (2017). Adolescent misconduct behaviors: a cross-cultural perspective of adolescents and their parents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022116681844.
Triandis, H. C. (2018). Individualism and collectivism. New York, NY: Routledge.
Vaughn, M. G., Salas-Wright, C. P., DeLisi, M., & Maynard, B. R. (2014). Violence and externalizing behavior among youth in the United States: is there a severe 5%? Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 12(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204013478973.
Weden, M. M., & Zabin, L. S. (2005). Gender and ethnic differences in the co-occurrence of adolescent risk behaviors. Ethnicity & Health, 10(3), 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557850500115744.
Weine, A. M., Phillips, J. S., & Achenbach, T. M. (1995). Behavioral and emotional problems among Chinese and American children: parent and teacher reports for ages 6 to 13. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23(5), 619–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01447666.
White, H. R., Johnson, V., & Buyske, S. (2000). Parental modeling and parenting behavior effects on offspring alcohol and cigarette use: a growth curve analysis. Journal of Substance Abuse, 12(3), 287–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(00)00056-0.
Willoughby, T., Chalmers, H., & Busseri, M. A. (2004). Where is the syndrome? Examining co-occurrence among multiple problem behaviors in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(6), 1022–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1022.
World Health Organization. (2015). Preventing youth violence: an overview of the evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Yáñez, A. M., Leiva, A., Estela, A., & Čukić, I. (2017). The associations of personality traits and parental education with smoking behaviour among adolescents. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0174211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174211.
Yarnell, L. M., Pasch, K. E., Perry, C. L., & Komro, K. A. (2017). Multiple risk behaviors among African American and hispanic boys. Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(5), 681–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616687672.
Zionts, P., Zionts, L., & Simpson, R. L. (2002). Emotional and behavioral problems: a handbook for understanding and handling students. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Author Contributions
S.P. designed the study, conducted data analysis, reviewed the literature, and wrote the manuscript. J.K. reviewed the literature and wrote the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by a grant from Kyung Hee University in 2017 (KHU-20171279).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in our study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Our study was certified as exempt from full IRB review because we used de-identified secondary data.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was not necessary for our study due to the analysis of de-identified secondary data.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Park, S., Kim, J. Patterns of Problem Behaviors and Predictors of Class Membership among Adolescents in the Republic of Korea: A Latent Class Analysis. J Child Fam Stud 29, 315–326 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01688-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01688-y