Abstract
Objectives
Since the number of individuals who use substances in the United States has markedly increased every year, substance use is a significant public health concern. The current study examines the possible risk and protective factors associated with triple comorbid trajectories of longitudinal alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use from age 14 to 36.
Methods
A community sample of 674 participants (53% African Americans and 47% Puerto Ricans; 60% females) were recruited from the Harlem Longitudinal Development Study. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between the risk (low self-control, peer drug use) and protective (parent-child attachment, family church attendance) factors at age 14 and membership in the triple trajectory groups derived from a multivariate growth mixture model.
Results
Low self-control and peer drug use were associated with an increased likelihood of being a member in the triple comorbid trajectory groups compared to the reference group (i.e., low alcohol, no tobacco, and no cannabis use). On the other hand, parent-child attachment and family church attendance were associated with a decreased likelihood of being a member in the triple comorbid trajectory groups compared to the reference group.
Conclusions
Treatment programs for adolescents who use substances may be more helpful if their parents and/or friends could also participate together with the adolescent, rather than only the adolescent participates in the treatment programs. Further research is needed to gain a greater understanding of the conceptual nature of the relationship between earlier risk and protective factors and later substance use patterns.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported in part by Career Development Award (5 K01 DA041609) granted to Dr. Lee from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Author Contributions
JYL: designed and executed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. WK: collaborated with the data analyses, interpretation of the results, and preparation of the manuscript. JSB: collaborated with design and writing of the manuscript. SJF: collaborated in interpretation of the results and in reviewing the manuscript. DWB: collaborated in editing the manuscript.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the New York University School of Medicine approved the study for T4 and T5, and the IRBs of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and New York Medical College (our former affiliations) approved the study’s procedures for earlier waves of data collection. A Certificate of Confidentiality was obtained from the National Institutes of Health for each wave of data collection.
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Informed consent was obtained from all participants at each time wave.
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Lee, J.Y., Kim, W., Brook, J.S. et al. Adolescent Risk and Protective Factors Predicting Triple Trajectories of Substance Use from Adolescence into Adulthood. J Child Fam Stud 29, 403–412 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01629-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01629-9