Abstract
The Evaluation of Social Systems (EVOS) scale was developed as a measure of the quality of social relationships vis-à-vis context-unspecific aspects of relationship quality. Although constructed for adolescents above the age of 11, it has to date only been validated in adult samples. The current study investigated if EVOS can be applied to adolescents through a cross-sectional study. We investigated factorial validity and construct validity of EVOS in a sample of adolescents with a mean age of 14.74. Additionally, we examined measurement invariance between youth and adult samples. The two-factor model that was developed for adults also held in the present study. EVOS showed good reliability and exhibited strict measurement invariance. Construct validity was supported by correlations with measures of family functioning and psychological distress. We conclude that EVOS is an economic, reliable, and valid measure of the quality of family relations in adolescents. Scores are directly comparable between youths and adults.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for child behavior checklist. Burlington: University of Vermont.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2004). The Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) for ages 1.5 to 18 years. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (Vol. 2, 3rd edn.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ackard, D. M., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., & Perry, C. (2006). Parent-child connectedness and behavioral and emotional health among adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.09.013.
Adelman, C. B., Baucom, D. H., Belus, J. M., Fischer, M. S., & Paprocki, C. (2014). Couple‐based interventions for psychopathology: a renewed direction for the field. Family Process, 53, 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12075.
Aguilar-Raab, C., Grevenstein, D., Gotthardt, L., Jarczok, M. N., Hunger, C., Ditzen, B., & Schweitzer, J. (2018). Changing me, changing us: relationship quality and collective efficacy as major outcomes in systemic couple therapy. Family Process, 57, 342–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12302.
Aguilar-Raab, C., Grevenstein, D., & Schweitzer, J. (2015). Measuring social relationships in different social systems: The construction and validation of the Evaluation of Social Systems (EVOS) Scale. PLoS ONE, 10, e0133442
Allen, J. P., Kilmer, S. L., Kuperminc, G. P., Land, D. J., McElhaney, K. B., Moore, C. W., & O’Beirne–Kelly, H. (2003). A secure base in adolescence: markers of attachment security in the mother–adolescent relationship. Child Development, 74, 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00536.
Anderson, N., & West, M. A. (1996). The Team Climate Inventory: Development of the TCI and its applications in teambuilding for innovativeness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329608414840.
Aspland, H., & Gardner, F. (2003). Observational measures of parent-child interaction: an introductory review. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8, 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-3588.00061.
Atkin, Q. G., Burlingame, G. M., Gawain Wells, M., Lambert, M. J., Latkowski, M., Mosier, J. I., & Whoolery, M. (2001). Tracking the influence of mental health treatment: the development of the youth outcome questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 8, 361–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.315.
Baldwin, L. M., Bishop, D. S., & Epstein, N. B. (1983). The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x.
Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Regalia, C., & Scabini, E. (2011). Impact of family efficacy beliefs on quality of family functioning and satisfaction with family life. Applied Psychology, 60, 421–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2010.00442.x.
Beavers, W. R. (1981). A systems model of family for family therapists. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 7, 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1981.tb01382.x.
Beavers, W. R., & Hampson, R. B. (2000). The beavers systems model of family functioning. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 128–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00143.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
Bishop, D. S., Epstein, N. B., & Levin, S. (1978). The McMaster model of family functioning. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 4, 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1978.tb00537.x.
Brooks-Gunn, J., Browning, C. R., & Maimon, D. (2010). Collective efficacy, family attachment and urban adolescent suicide attempts. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510377878.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Burlingame, G. M., Cox, J. C., Ferre, R., Lambert, M. J., Latkowski, M., & Wells, M. G. (2005). Administration and scoring manual for the Y-OQ (Youth Outcome Questionnaire). Stevenson, MD: American Professional Credentialing Services.
Burlingame, G. M., Cox, J. C., Lambert, M. J., & Wells, M. G. (2004). Youth Outcome Questionnaire (Y-OQ) (Vol. 2, 3rd edn.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: the issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.456.
Calheiros, M. M., & Patrício, J. N. (2014). Assessment of needs in residential care: perspectives of youth and professionals. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 461–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-012-9702-1.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016.
Carr, A. (2014a). The evidence base for couple therapy, family therapy and systemic interventions for adult-focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 36, 158–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12033.
Carr, A. (2014b). The evidence base for family therapy and systemic interventions for child-focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 36, 107–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12032.
Carr, A., & Hamilton, E. (2016). Systematic review of self-report family assessment measures. Family Process, 55, 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12200.
Carr, A., & Stratton, P. (2017). The score family assessment questionnaire: a decade of progress. Family Process, 56, 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12280.
Celinska, K., Cheng, C.-C., & Virgil, N. J. (2015). Youth and parental perspectives on the functional family therapy programme. Journal of Family Therapy, 37, 450–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12051.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834.
Chen, F. F. (2008). What happens if we compare chopsticks with forks? The impact of making inappropriate comparisons in cross-cultural research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1005–1018. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013193.
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9, 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5.
Chou, C.-P., Bentler, P. M., & Satorra, A. (1991). Scaled test statistics and robust standard errors for non-normal data in covariance structure analysis: A Monte Carlo study. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 44, 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1991.tb00966.x.
Cleveland, K., Garrett, S. B., Hair, E. C., Ling, T., & Moore, K. A. (2008). The continued importance of quality parent–adolescent relationships during late adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00556.x.
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 72, 685–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x.
Cook, T. D., Herman, M. R., Phillips, M., & Settersten, J. R. A. (2002). Some ways in which neighborhoods, nuclear families, friendship groups, and schools jointly affect changes in early adolescent development. Child Development, 73, 1283–1309. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00472.
Demaray, M. K., & Malecki, C. K. (2002). The relationship between perceived social support and maladjustment for students at risk. Psychology in the Schools, 39, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10018.
Erel, O., & Kissil, K. (2003). The linkage between multiple perspectives of the marital relationship and preschoolers’ adjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026012023182.
Essau, C. A., Olaya, B., Anastassiou‐Hadjicharalambous, X., Pauli, G., Gilvarry, C., Bray, D., & Ollendick, T. H. (2012). Psychometric properties of the strength and difficulties questionnaire from five European countries. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21, 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1364.
Farley, J. P., & Kim-Spoon, J. (2014). The development of adolescent self-regulation: reviewing the role of parent, peer, friend, and romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.03.009.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.
Faulstich, P. (1998). Strategien betrieblicher Weiterbildung. Kompetenz und Organisation. München, Germany: Vahlen.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312.
Fruzzetti, A. E., Shenk, C., & Hoffman, P. D. (2005). Family interaction and the development of borderline personality disorder: a transactional model. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 1007–1030. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050479.
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 38, 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.
Grevenstein, D., Bluemke, M., Schweitzer, J., & Aguilar-Raab, C. (2018). Better family relationships - higher well-being: The connection between relationship quality and health related ressources. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Hamilton, E., Carr, A., Cahill, P., Cassells, C., & Hartnett, D. (2015). Psychometric properties and responsiveness to change of 15‐and 28‐Item versions of the SCORE: A family assessment questionnaire. Family Process, 54, 454–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12117.
Heatherington, L., Diamond, G. M., Escudero, V., Friedlander, M. L., & Pinsof, W. M. (2015). 25 Years of systemic therapies research: Progress and promise. Psychotherapy Research, 25, 348–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.983208.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Johnson, H. D., Lavoie, J. C., & Mahoney, M. (2001). Interparental conflict and family cohesion. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 304–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558401163004.
Jose, P. E., Ryan, N., & Pryor, J. (2012). Does social connectedness promote a greater sense of well-being in adolescence over time? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00783.x.
Kauffeld, S. (2001). Teamdiagnose. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
Kenny, D. A. (2015). Measuring model fit. Retrieved from http://davidakenny.net/cm/fit.htm
Laursen, B., & Colling, W. A. (2004). Chapter 16: Parent-child communication during adolescence. In A. L. Vangelisti (Ed.), Handbook of family communication. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Lee, I. A., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Calculation for the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common. Retrieved from http://www.quantpsy.org
Lohbeck, A., Schultheiß, J., Petermann, F., & Petermann, U. (2015). Die deutsche selbstbeurteilungsversion des strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ-Deu-S). Diagnostica, 61, 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000153.
Lubke, G. H., & Dolan, C. V. (2003). Can unequal residual variances across groups mask differences in residual means in the common factor model? Structural Equation Modeling, 10, 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM1002_1.
Lucia, V. C., & Breslau, N. (2006). Family cohesion and children’s behavior problems: a longitudinal investigation. Psychiatry Research, 141, 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.06.009.
Mansfield, A. K., Keitner, G. I., & Dealy, J. (2015). The family assessment device: an update. Family Process, 54, 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12080.
McClendon, D. T., Warren, J. S., M. Green, K., Burlingame, G. M., Eggett, D. L., & McClendon, R. J. (2011). Sensitivity to change of youth treatment outcome measures: a comparison of the CBCL, BASC-2, and Y-OQ. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20746.
McGrath, J. E., Arrow, H., & Berdahl, J. L. (2000). The study of groups: past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0401_8.
Meltzer, H., Ford, T., Goodman, R., & Vostanis, P. (2011). The burden of caring for children with emotional or conduct disorders. International Journal of Family Medicine, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/801203
Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294825.
Merikangas, K. R., He, J.-P., Burstein, M., Swanson, S. A., Avenevoli, S., Cui, L., & Swendsen, J. (2010). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in U.S. adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication - Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 980–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.017.
Merikangas, K. R., Nakamura, E. F., & Kessler, R. C. (2009). Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25501-9_1.
Miller, G., Chen, E., & Cole, S. W. (2009). Health psychology: developing biologically plausible models linking the social world and physical health. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 501–524. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163551.
Moore, K. A., Guzman, L., Hair, E. C., Lippman, L., & Garrett, S. B. (2004). Parent–teen relationship and interactions: Far more positive than not. Washington, DC: Child Trends.
Moore, L., & Seu, I. B. (2011). Giving children a voice: children’s positioning in family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 33, 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2011.00556.x.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén. 2012.
Noller, P., Feeney, J., & Petersen, C. (2001). Personal relationships across the lifespan. London, UK: Psychology Press.
O’Brien, M. P., Gordon, J. L., Bearden, C. E., Lopez, S. R., Kopelowicz, A., & Cannon, T. D. (2006). Positive family environment predicts improvement in symptoms and social functioning among adolescents at imminent risk for onset of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 81, 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.005.
Olson, D. H. (1985). FACES III - Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
Olson, D. H. (2011). FACES IV and the circumplex model: validation study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37, 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00175.x.
Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H., & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: I. cohesion and adaptability dimensions, family types, and clinical applications. Family Process, 18, 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1979.00003.x.
Paradisopoulos, D., Pote, H., Fox, S., & Kaur, P. (2015). Developing a model of sustained change following multisystemic therapy: young people’s perspectives. Journal of Family Therapy, 37, 471–491. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12070.
Patterson, J. M. (2002). Understanding family resilience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10019.
Phillips-Salimi, C. R., Robb, S. L., Monahan, P. O., Dossey, A., & Haase, J. E. (2014). Perceptions of communication, family adaptability and cohesion: a comparison of adolescents newly diagnosed with cancer and their parents. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine & Health, 26, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2012-0105.
Pinquart, M., Oslejsek, B., & Teubert, D. (2016). Efficacy of systemic therapy on adults with mental disorders: a meta-analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 26, 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.935830.
Raftery, A. E. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/271063.
Rayner, M., & Montague, M. (2000). Resilient children and young people. Melbourne: Deakin University.
Resnick, M. D., Harris, L. J., & Blum, R. W. (1993). The impact of caring and connectedness on adolescent health and well-being. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 29, S3–S9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb02257.x.
Retzlaff, R., von Sydow, K., Beher, S., Haun, M. W., & Schweitzer, J. (2013). The efficacy of systemic therapy for internalizing and other disorders of childhood and adolescence: a systematic review of 38 randomized trials. Family Process, 52, 619–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12041.
Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). Behavioral assessment system for children: Second edition (BASC-2). Circle Pines, MN: AGS Publishing.
Rusbult, C. E., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (2003). Interdependence, interaction, and relationships. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 351–375. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145059.
Satorra, A. (2000). Scaled and adjusted restricted tests in multi-sample analysis of moment structures. In R. D. H. Heijmans, D. S. G. Pollock, & A. Satorra (Eds.), Innovations in multivariate statistical analysis. A Festschrift for Heinz Neudecker (pp. 233–247). London, UK: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192.
Schmitt, N., & Kuljanin, G. (2008). Measurement invariance: review of practice and implications. Human Resource Management Review, 18, 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.03.003.
Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136.
Sexton, T. L., Datchi, C., Evans, L., LaFollette, J., & Wright, L. (2013). The effectiveness of couple and family-based clinical interventions. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. (6th edn., pp. 587–639). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Skinner, H. A., Steinhauer, P. D., & Santa-Barbara, J. (1983). The family assessment measure. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 2, 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00146.
Skinner, H. A., Steinhauer, P. D., & Sitarenios, G. (2000). Family assessment measure (FAM) and process model of family functioning. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 190–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00146.
Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245.
Stratton, P., Bland, J., Janes, E., & Lask, J. (2010). Developing an indicator of family function and a practicable outcome measure for systemic family and couple therapy: the SCORE. Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 232–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2010.00507.x.
Stratton, P., Lask, J., Bland, J., Nowotny, E., Evans, C., Singh, R., & Peppiatt, A. (2014). Detecting therapeutic improvement early in therapy: validation of the SCORE‐15 index of family functioning and change. Journal of Family Therapy, 36, 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12022.
Van De Schoot, R., Schmidt, P., De Beuckelaer, A., Lek, K., & Zondervan-Zwijnenburg, M. (2015). Editorial: Measurement Invariance. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01064
Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 4–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002.
von Sydow, K., Retzlaff, R., Beher, S., Haun, M. W., & Schweitzer, J. (2013). The efficacy of systemic therapy for childhood and adolescent externalizing disorders: a systematic review of 47 RCT. Family Process, 52, 576–618. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12047.
Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: a framework for clinical practice. Family Process, 42, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00001.x.
Wells, M. G., Burlingame, G. M., & Rose, P. M. (2003). Administration and scoring manual for the Y-OQ SR-2.0 (Youth Outcome Questionnaire-Self Report). Wilmington, DE: American Professional Credentialing Services.
Wells, M. S., Widmer, M. A., & McCoy, J. K. (2004). Grubs and grasshoppers: challenge-based recreation and the collective efficacy of families with at-risk youth. Family Relations, 53, 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0197-6664.2003.0009.x.
Yuan, K.-H., & Bentler, P. M. (2000). Three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociological Methodology, 30, 165–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00078.
Author Contributions
D.G. and C.A.R. drafted the manuscript. C.A.R. and D.G. developed the study, both performed the statistical analysis. J.S. supervised this research project. All authors approved the manuscript.
Funding
This research was supported by a grant from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Systemische Therapie, Beratung und Familientherapie (DGSF).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital Heidelberg (S-508/2012).
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grevenstein, D., Schweitzer, J. & Aguilar-Raab, C. How Children and Adolescents Evaluate their Families: Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the Evaluation of Social Systems (EVOS) Scale. J Child Fam Stud 28, 17–29 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1254-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1254-6