Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Helping the Noncompliant Child: An Assessment of Program Costs and Cost-Effectiveness

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) in children can lead to delinquency in adolescence and antisocial behavior in adulthood. Several evidence-based behavioral parent training (BPT) programs have been created to treat early onset DBD. This paper focuses on one such program, helping the noncompliant child (HNC), and provides detailed cost estimates from a recently completed pilot study for the HNC program. The study also assesses the average cost-effectiveness of the HNC program by combining program cost estimates with data on improvements in child participants’ disruptive behavior. The cost and effectiveness estimates are based on implementation of HNC with low-income families. Investigators developed a Microsoft Excel-based costing instrument to collect data from therapists on their time spent delivering the HNC program. The instrument was designed using an activity-based costing approach, where each therapist reported program time by family, by date, and for each skill that the family was working to master. Combining labor and non-labor costs, it is estimated that delivering the HNC program costs an average of $501 per family from a payer perspective. It also costs an average of $13 to improve the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory intensity score by 1-point for children whose families participated in the HNC pilot program. The cost of delivering the HNC program appears to compare favorably with the costs of similar BPT programs. These cost estimates are the first to be collected systematically and prospectively for HNC. Program managers may use these estimates to plan for the resources needed to fully implement HNC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Brinkmeyer, M., & Eyberg, S. M. (2003). Parent-child interaction therapy for oppositional children. In A. E. Kadzin & J. R. Weisz (Eds.), Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents (pp. 20–223). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. A. (1998). The monetary value of saving a high risk youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 4, 5–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, R. T., Ceilleachair, A., Bywater, T., Hughes, D. A., & Hutchings, J. (2007). Parenting programme for parents of children at risk of developing conduct disorder: Cost effectiveness analysis. British Medical Journal, 334, 682–687.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M., Boggs, S. R., & Algina, J. (1995). Parent-child interaction therapy: A psychosocial model for the treatment of young children with conduct problem behavior and their families. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 31, 83–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S., Funderburk, B., McNeil, C., Querido, J., & Hood, K. (2001). Parent-child interaction therapy with behavior problem children: One and two year maintenance of treatment effects in the family. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 23, 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 215–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M., & Pincus, D. (1999). Eyberg child behavior inventory & Sutter-Eyberg student behavior inventory-revised: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenwich, E., & Byford, S. (2005). A guide to cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. British Journal of Psychiatry, 18, 106–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, E. M., & Jones, D. E. (2005). The high costs of aggression: Public expenditures resulting from conduct disorder. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 1767–1772.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, E. M., Olchowski, A. E., & Webster-Stratton, C. H. (2007). Is stacking intervention components cost-effective? An analysis of the incredible years program. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1414–1424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glick, H. A., Doshi, J. A., Sonnad, S. S., & Polsky, D. (2007). Economic evaluation in clinical trials. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfine, M. E., Wagner, S. M., Branstetter, S. A., & McNeil, C. B. (2008). Parent-child interaction therapy: An examination of cost-effectiveness. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 5, 119–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, J., Gardner, F., Bywater, T., Daley, D., Whitaker, C., Jones, K., et al. (2007). Parenting intervention in sure start services for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 334, 678–693.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingoldsby, E. M. (2010). Review of interventions to improve family engagement and retention in parent and child mental health programs. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 629–645.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K., Daley, D., Hutchings, J., Bywater, T., & Eames, C. (2008). Efficacy of the Incredible Years Programme as an early intervention for children with conduct problems and ADHD: Long-term follow-up. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34, 380–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., Cuellar, J., Kincaid, C., Parent, J., Fenton, N., et al. (2013). Harnessing innovative technologies to advance children’s mental health behavioral parent training as an example. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 241–252.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., Cuellar, J., Parent, J., Honeycutt, A., Khavjou, O., Gonzalez, M., Anton, M., & Newey, G. (in press). Development and pilot evaluation of a technology- enhanced behavioral parent training program for children’s disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.

  • Kazak, A. E., Hoagwood, K., Weisz, J. R., Hood, K., Kratochwill, T. R., Vargas, L. A., et al. (2010). A meta-systems approach to evidence-based practice for children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 65, 85–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long, P., Forehand, R., Wierson, M., & Morgan, A. (1994). Does parent training with young noncompliant children have long-term effects? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 101–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, R. J., & Forehand, R. (2003). Helping the noncompliant child: Family-based treatment for oppositional behavior (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, D., McGilloway, S., Donnelly, M., Bywater, T., & Kelly, P. (2013). A cost-effectiveness analysis of the incredible years parenting programme in reducing childhood health inequalities. European Journal of Health Economics, 14, 85–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R., & Jennings, W. G. (2009). Effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5, 83–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reitman, D., & McMahon, R. J. (2013). Constance “Connie” Hanf (1917–2002): The mentor and the model. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 106–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R. (2008). Triple P-positive parenting program as a public health approach to strengthening parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 506–517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R., Markie-Dadds, C., Tully, L. A., & Bor, W. (2000). The triple P-positive parenting program: A comparison of enhanced, standard, and self-directed behavioral family intervention for parents of children with early onset conduct problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 624–640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, S., Knapp, M., Henderson, J., & Maughan, B. (2001). Financial cost of social exclusion: Follow up study of antisocial children into adulthood. British Medical Journal, 323, 191–195.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Hancock, L. (1998). Training for parents of young children with conduct problems: Content, methods, and therapeutic processes. In C. E. Schaefer & J. M. Briesmeister (Eds.), Handbook of parent training. New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olga A. Khavjou.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Honeycutt, A.A., Khavjou, O.A., Jones, D.J. et al. Helping the Noncompliant Child: An Assessment of Program Costs and Cost-Effectiveness. J Child Fam Stud 24, 499–504 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9862-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9862-7

Keywords

Navigation