Skip to main content
Log in

Service Providers’ Adherence to an Evidence-Based Parenting Program: What are They Missing and Why?

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Awareness of the need to monitor fidelity in delivery of evidence-based programs is increasing. We examined adherence reported by service providers who had delivered multi-session group or individual family-based Triple P-Positive Parenting Program interventions. Service providers completed session-specific checklists from the Triple P manual to indicate whether or not they had delivered the prescribed activities in their most recent session. We focus on service providers who reported less than 100 % adherence (n = 93) to explore patterns of adherence across sessions, delivery formats, and service providers’ experience. We also coded session activities into processes, therapeutic interventions, homework, and exercises to explore whether service providers’ adherence varied by type of session component. Adherence to therapeutic interventions, homework, and exercises was significantly lower in individual format compared to group format, perhaps reflecting the tailoring of interventions to the needs of the family. Adherence to processes and exercises was significantly higher among service providers with more years of experience. Results have implications for research, training, and supervision and will inform the delivery of evidence-based services for children and families in community settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychological Association. (2005). American Psychological Association policy statement on evidence-based practice in psychology. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/practice/resources/evidence/evidence-based-statement.pdf.

  • Asgary-Eden, V., & Lee, C. M. (2012). Implementing an evidence-based parenting program in community agencies: What helps and what gets in the way? Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 39, 478–488. doi:10.1007/s10488-011-0371-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asgary-Eden, V., & Lee, C. M. (2011). So now we’ve picked an evidence-based program, what’s next? Perspectives of service providers and administrators. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(2), 169–175. doi:10.1037/a0022745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloomquist, M. L., Horowitz, J. L., August, G. J., Lee, C.-Y. S., Realmuto, G. M., & Klimes-Dougan, B. (2009). Understanding parent participation in a going-to-scale implementation trial of the early risers conduct problems prevention program. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 710–718. doi:10.1007/s10826-009-9277-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., & Becker, D. R. (2010). Beyond evidence-based practice: Nine ideal features of a mental health intervention. Research on Social Work Practice, 20(5), 493–501. doi:10.1177/1049731509358085.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borrelli, B., Sepinwall, D., Ernst, D., Bellg, A. J., Czajkowski, S., Breger, R., et al. (2005). A new tool to assess treatment fidelity and evaluation of treatment fidelity across 10 years of health behavior research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 852–860.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bywater, T., Hutchings, J., Daley, D., Whitaker, C., Yeo, S. T., Jones, K., et al. (2009). Long-term effectiveness of a parenting intervention for children at risk of developing conduct disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 318–324. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chorpita, B. F., & Daleiden, E. L. (2009). Mapping evidence-based treatments for children and adolescents: Application of the distillation and matching model to 615 treatments from 322 randomized trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 566–579. doi:10.1037/a0014565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dane, A. V., & Schneider, B. H. (1998). Program integrity in primary and early secondary prevention: Are implementation effects out of control? Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 23–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Graaf, I., Speetjens, P., Smit, F., de Wolff, M., & Tavecchio, L. (2008). Effectiveness of the triple P positive parenting program on behavioral problems in children: A meta-analysis. Behavior Modification, 32, 714–735. doi:10.1177/0145445508317134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2009). Identifying evidence-based interventions for children and adolescents using the range of possible change model: A meta-analytic illustration. Behavior Modification, 33, 583–617. doi:10.1177/0145445509343203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durlak, J. A., & DuPre, E. P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 327–350. doi:10.1007/s10464-008-9165-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eames, C., Daley, D., Hutchings, J., Whitaker, C. J., Jones, K., Hughes, J. C., et al. (2009). Treatment fidelity as a predictor of behavior change in parents attending group-based parent training. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(5), 603–612. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00975x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, D. S., & Mihalic, S. (2004). Issues in disseminating and replicating effective prevention programs. Prevention Science, 5, 47–53. doi:10.1023/B:PREV.0000013981.28071.52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eyberg, S. M., Nelson, M. M., & Boggs, S. R. (2008). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 215–237. doi:10.1080/15374410701820117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, A. A., Hanson, K., Hawkins, J. D., & Arthur, M. W. (2008). Bridging science to practice: Achieving prevention program implementation fidelity in the community youth development study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 235–249. doi:10.1007/s10464-008-9176-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fixsen, D. L., Blase, K. A., Naoom, S. F., & Wallace, F. (2009). Core implementation components. Research on Social Work Practice, 19, 531–540. doi:10.1177/1049731509335549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forehand, R., Dorsey, S., Jones, D. J., Long, N., & McMahon, R. J. (2010). Adherence and flexibility: They can (and do) coexist! Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 17, 258–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forgatch, M. S., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2011). Sustaining fidelity following the nationwide PMTO implementation in Norway. Prevention Science, 12, 235–246. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0225-6.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forgatch, M. S., Patterson, G. R., & DeGarmo, D. S. (2005). Evaluating fidelity: Predictive validity for a measure of competent adherence to the Oregon model of parent management training. Behavior Therapy, 36, 3–13.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, A. (2007). The use of homework in cognitive behavior therapy: Working with complex anxiety and insomnia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14, 261–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminski, J. W., Valle, L. A., Filene, J. H., & Boyle, C. L. (2008). A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 567–589. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazantzis, N., & Shinkfield, G. (2007). Conceptualizing patient barriers to nonadherence with homework assignments. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14(3), 317–324. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.08.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P. G., & Beidas, R. S. (2007). Smoothing the trail for dissemination of evidence-based practices for youth: Flexibility within fidelity. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18, 13–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, P., Gosch, E., Furr, J., & Sood, E. (2008). Flexibility within fidelity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 987–993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klimes-Dougan, B., August, G. J., Lee, C.-Y. S., Realmuto, G. M., Bloomquist, M. L., Horowitz, J. L., et al. (2009). Practitioner and site characteristics that relate to fidelity of implementation: The early risers prevention program in a going-to-scale intervention trial. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 467–475. doi:10.1037/a0014623.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kling, A., Forster, M., Sundell, K., & Melin, L. (2010). A randomized controlled effectiveness trial of parent management training with varying degrees of therapist support. Behavior Therapy, 41, 530–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, B., Fossum, S., Clifford, G., Drugli, M. B., Handegard, B. H., & Morch, W.-T. (2009). European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 18, 42–52. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0702-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundahl, B., Risser, H. J., & Lovejoy, M. C. (2006). A meta-analysis of parent training: Moderators and follow-up effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 86–104. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, A. R., & Budd, K. S. (2010). A community mental health implementation of parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT). Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 654–668. doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9353-z.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzucchelli, T. G., & Sanders, M. R. (2010). Facilitating practitioner flexibility within an empirically supported intervention: Lessons from a system of parenting support. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17, 238–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, B. A., Riosa, P. B., & Preyde, M. (2011). Review: Treatment fidelity in psychosocial intervention for children and adolescents with comorbid problems. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17, 139–145. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00635.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mildon, R., & Shlonsky, A. (2011). Bridge over troubled water: Using implementation science to facilitate effective services in child welfare. Child Abuse and Neglect, 35, 753–756. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moncher, F. J., & Prinz, R. J. (1991). Treatment fidelity in outcome studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 247–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, C., & Heinrichs, N. (2008). A comprehensive meta-analysis of Triple P-Positive Parenting Program using hierarchal linear modeling: Effectiveness and moderating variables. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11, 114–144. doi:10.1007/s10567-008-0033-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinz, R. J., Sanders, M. R., Shapiro, C. J., Whitaker, D. J., & Lutzker, J. R. (2009). Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: The US triple P system population trial. Prevention Science, 10, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s11121-009-0123-3.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, E. K., Landsverk, J., Aarons, G., Chambers, D., Glisson, C., & Mittman, B. (2009). Implementation research in mental health services: An emerging science with conceptual, methodological, and training challenges. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 36, 24–34. doi:10.1007/s10488-008-0197-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-positive parenting program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2, 71–90. doi:10.1023/A:1021843613840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R. (2010). Adopting a public health approach to the delivery of evidence-based parenting interventions. Canadian Psychology, 51, 17–23. doi:10.1037/a0018295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). The Triple P system: A multi-level evidence-based, population approach to the prevention and treatment of behavioral and emotional problems in children. The Register Report, 31, 42–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, M. R., Markie-Dadds, C., & Turner, K. M. T. (2000). Practitioner’s manual for standard triple P. Brisbane, Australia: Families International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenwald, S. K., Sheidow, A. J., & Chapman, J. E. (2009). Clinical supervision in treatment transport: Effects on adherence and outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 410–421. doi:10.1037/a0013788.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, S. B., Alaggia, R., Watson, K., & Morton, T. R. (2008). Implementing an evidence-based parenting program with adherence in a real world of community practice. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(6), 543–554. doi:10.1177/1049731507308999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thase, M. E., & Callan, J. A. (2006). The role of homework in cognitive behavior therapy of depression. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 16(2), 162–177. doi:10.1037/1053-0479.16.2.162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, R., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007). Behavioral outcomes of parent-child interaction therapy and triple P-positive parenting program: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 475–495. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9104-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, R. E. (2006). Prevention of youth violence: Why not start at the beginning? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 481–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trivette, C. M., & Blase, K. (2012). Measuring implementation and intervention fidelity in scaling up: Processes, tools, and benefits. OSEP Project Directors Conference. Retrieved from http://sisep.fpg.unc.edu/sites/sisep.fpg.unc.edu/files/resources/Blase-Trivette-Measuring-Implementation-Intervention-Fidelity-07-2012_0.pdf.

  • van den Hoofdakker, B. J., van der Veen Mulders, L., Sytema, S., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Minderaa, R. B., & Nauta, M. H. (2007). Effectiveness of behavioral parent training for children with ADHD in routine clinical practice: A randomized controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(10), 1263–1271. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181354bc2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, A. M., Regan, J., Chorpita, B. F., Starace, N., Rodriguez, A., & Okamura, K. (2013). The research network on youth mental health. Tracking evidence based practice with youth: Validity of the MATCH and standard manual consultation records. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 44–55. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.700505.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Stratton, C. (2004). Quality training, supervision, ongoing monitoring, and agency support: Key ingredients to implementing the incredible years programs with fidelity. Retrieved from www.incredibleyears.com/library.

  • Webster-Stratton, C., & Herman, K. C. (2010). Disseminating incredible years series early-intervention programs: Integrating and sustaining services between school and home. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 36–54. doi:10.1002/pits.20450.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

We would like to thank Peggy Govers for assistance in coding session activities and Dr. Dwayne Schindler for statistical consulting.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Whitney D. Taylor.

Additional information

The data for this study were collected in partial completion of Veronica Asgary-Eden’s doctoral dissertation

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Taylor, W.D., Asgary-Eden, V., Lee, C.M. et al. Service Providers’ Adherence to an Evidence-Based Parenting Program: What are They Missing and Why?. J Child Fam Stud 24, 50–56 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9812-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9812-4

Keywords

Navigation