Skip to main content
Log in

Diasporic Longings? Cahokia, Common Field, and Nostalgic Orientations

  • Published:
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As Cahokia experienced its prolonged abandonment and violence spread throughout the Midwest and Southeast, thousands of people left the American Bottom region and either established new communities or integrated into others. Tracing where Cahokians went has been difficult to discern archaeologically, begging the questions: How do we distinguish between diasporic and other kinds of population movements? And what might a diasporic community born of thirteenth and fourteenth century violence look like? This article discusses the Common Field site in southeast Missouri and explores the possibility and utility of considering Common Field a diasporic community by highlighting the role of nostalgia in diasporic movements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alt, S. M. (2006). The power of diversity: the roles of migration and hybridity in culture change. In B. M. Butler & P. D. Welch (Eds.), Leadership and polity in Mississippian society (Occasional Paper 33 (pp. 289–308). Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alt, S. M. (2018). Cahokia’s complexities: ceremonies and politics of the first Mississippian Farmers. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, G. A. (1995). The Osage and the invisible world from the works of Francis La Flesche. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baires, S. E. (2014). Cahokia’s Rattlesnake causeway. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, 39(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baltus, M. R. (2015). Unraveling entanglements: reverberations of Cahokia’s big bang. In M. E. Buchanan & B. J. Skousen (Eds.), Tracing the relational: the archaeology of worlds, spirits, and temporalities (pp. 146–160). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltus, M. R. (2018). Vessels of change: everyday relationality in the rise and fall of Cahokia. In M. R. Baltus & S. E. Baires (Eds.), Relational engagements of the indigenous Americas: alterity, ontology, and shifting paradigms (pp. 63–85). Lanham: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benn, D. W. (1995). Woodland people and the roots of the Oneota. In W. Green (Ed.), Oneota archaeology: past, present, and future (Office of the State Archaeologist Report 20 (pp. 91–139). Iowa City: Office of the State Archaeologist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berdahl, D. (1999). ‘(N)Ostalgie’ for the present: memory, longing, and East German things. Ethnos, 64(2), 192–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhabha, H. K. (1994). The location of culture. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. (2005). The ‘diaspora’ diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(1), 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, M. E. (2015a) Warfare and the materialization of daily life at the Mississippian Common Field site. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University.

  • Buchanan, M. E. (2015b). War-scapes, lingering spirits, and the Mississippian vacant quarter. In M. E. Buchanan & B. J. Skousen (Eds.), Tracing the relational: the archaeology of worlds, spirits, and temporalities (pp. 85–99). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, C. H., Cottier, J., Denman, D., Evans, D. R., Harvey, D. E., Regan, M. B., Rope, B. L., Southard, M. D., & Waselkov, G. A. (1977). Investigation and comparison of two fortified Mississippian tradition archaeological sites in southeast Missouri: a preliminary compilation. Missouri Archaeologist, 38, 1–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 302–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, C. R., & Butler, B. M. (2002). The vacant quarter revisited: late Mississippian abandonment of the lower Ohio valley. American Antiquity, 67, 625–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, C. R., & Butler, B. M. (2006). Mississippian migration and emplacement in the lower Ohio valley. In B. M. Butler & P. D. Welch (Eds.), Leadership and polity in Mississippian society (Occasional Paper 33 (pp. 328–347). Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, C. R., & Giles, B. (2009). War is shell: the ideology and embodiment of Mississippian conflict. In A. E. Nielsen & W. H. Walker (Eds.), Warfare in cultural conflict: practice, agency, and the archaeology of violence (pp. 84–108). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. (2008). Global diasporas: an introduction. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. M. (1990). The archaeology of Cahokian Mounds ICT-II: site structure (Illinois Cultural Resources Study 10). Springfield: Illinois Historic Preservation Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, L. A. (1991). The middle Mississippian cultures of the central Illinois river valley. In T. E. Emerson & R. B. Lewis (Eds.), Cahokia and the hinterlands: middle Mississippian cultures of the Midwest (pp. 119–156). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillehay, T. D. (2007). Monuments, empires, and resistance: the Araucanian polity and ritual narratives. Cambridge University Press.

  • Dufoix, S. (2008). Diasporas. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dye, D. H. (2007). Ritual, medicine, and the war trophy iconographic theme in the Mississippian southeast. In F. K. Reilly III & J. F. Graber (Eds.), Ancient objects and sacred realms: interpretations of Mississippian iconography (pp. 152–173). Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, T. E. (1997a). Cahokia and the archaeology of power. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, T. E. (1997b). Cahokian elite ideology and the Mississippian cosmos. In T. R. Pauketat & T. E. Emerson (Eds.), Cahokia: domination and ideology in the Mississippian world (pp. 190–228). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, T. E., & Hargrave, E. (2000). Strangers in paradise? recognizing ethnic mortuary diversity on the fringes of Cahokia. Southeastern Archaeology, 19, 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, T. E., & Hedman, K. (2016). The dangers of diversity: the consolidation and dissolution of Cahokia, native North America’s first urban polity. In R. K. Fuslseit (Ed.), Beyond collapse: archaeological perspectives on resilience, revitalization, and transformation in complex societies (Occasional Paper 42) (pp. 147–175). Carbondale: Center for Archaeological Investigations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fennell, C. C. (2007). Crossroads and cosmologies: diasporas and ethnogenesis in the New World. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, J. A. (1990) Pottery classification, site patterns, and Mississippian interaction at the Common Field site (23SG100), eastern Missouri. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri Columbia.

  • Fowler, M. L. (1997). The Cahokia atlas: a historical atlas of Cahokia archaeology (Illinois Transportation and Archaeological Research Program Studies in Archaeology Series 2). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1990). Cultural identity and diaspora. In J. Rutherford (Ed.), Identity: community, culture, difference (pp. 222–237). London: Lawrence & Wishart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. L. (1991). Cahokia identity and interaction models of Cahokia Mississippian. In T. E. Emerson & R. B. Lewis (Eds.), Cahokia and the hinterlands: middle Mississippian cultures of the Midwest (pp. 3–34). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harn, A. D. (1991). The Eveland site: inroad to Spoon River Mississippian society. In J. B. Stoltman (Ed.), New perspectives on Cahokia: views from the periphery (pp. 129–153). Madison: Prehistory Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgeman, S. L. (2000). Pottery and chronology at Angel. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iseminger, W. R. (1997). Culture and environment in the American Bottom: the rise and fall of Cahokia Mounds. In A. Hurley (Ed.), Common fields: an environmental history of St. Louis (pp. 38–57). St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehoe, A. B. (2007). Osage texts and Cahokia data. In F. K. Reilly III & J. F. Graber (Eds.), Ancient objects and sacred realms: interpretations of Mississippian iconography (pp. 246–261). Austin: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. E. (1984) Wells Incised or O’Byam Incised, variety Wells, and its context in the American Bottom. Paper presented at the Paducah Ceramic Conference.

  • Keslin, R. O. (1964). Archaeological implications on the role of salt as an element of cultural diffusion. Missouri Archaeologist, 26, 1–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight Jr., V. J. (1986). The institutional organization of Mississippian religion. American Antiquity, 51(4), 675–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koselleck, R. (2004). Futures past: on the semantics of historical time. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krus, A. M. (2016). The timing of pre-Columbian militarization in the U.S. Midwest and southeast. American Antiquity, 8, 375–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaFlesche, F. (1917). Omaha and Osage traditions of separation. In F. W. Hodge (Ed.), Proceedings of the nineteenth international congress of Americanists (pp. 459–462). Washington DC: Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFlesche, F. (1921). The Osage tribe: rite of the chiefs; sayings of the ancient men (Thirty-sixth annual report) (pp. 35–604). Washington DC: Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFlesche, F. (1939). War ceremony and peace ceremony of the Osage Indians (Bulletin 101). Washington DC: Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilley, I. (2006). Archaeology, diaspora and decolonization. Journal of Social Archaeology, 6(1), 28–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopinot, N. H., & Woods, W. I. (1993). Wood overexploitation and the collapse of Cahokia. In C. M. Scarry (Ed.), Foraging and farming in the eastern woodlands (pp. 206–231). Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrer, M. W. (1995). Cahokia’s countryside: household archaeology, settlement patterns, and social power. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, G. R. (1998). The Cahokia chiefdom: the archaeology of a Mississippian society. Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milner, G. R. (1999). Warfare in prehistoric and early historic eastern North America. Journal of Archaeological Research, 7, 105–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morse, D. F., & Morse, P. A. (1983). Archaeology of the central Mississippi valley. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordstrom, C. (1997). A different kind of war story. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, M. J., Beets, J. L., Warren, R. E., Hotrabhavananda, T., Barney, T. W., & Voigt, E. E. (1982). Digital enhancement and grey-level slicing of aerial photographs: techniques for archaeological analysis of intrasite variability. World Archaeology, 14(2), 173–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, B. D. (2005). Distant colonies and explosive collapse: two stages of the Tiwanaku diaspora in the Osmore drainage. Latin American Antiquity, 16(1), 45–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R. (1998). The archaeology of downtown Cahokia: the Tract 15A and Dunham Tract excavations. (Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program Studies in Archaeology 1. Urbana: University of Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R. (2003). Resettled farmers and the making of a Mississippian polity. American Antiquity, 68, 39–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R. (2004). Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. London: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R. (2007). Chiefdoms and other archaeological delusions. Lanham: Altamira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R. (2013a). An archaeology of the cosmos: rethinking agency and religion in ancient North America. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R. (2013b). The archaeology of downtown Cahokia II: the 1960 excavation of Tract 15B (Studies in Archaeology No. 8). Urbana: Illinois State Archaeological Survey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R., & Emerson, T. E. (1991). The ideology of authority and the power of the pot. American Antiquity, 93(4), 919–941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R., & Lopinot, N. H. (1997). Cahokian population dynamics. In T. R. Pauketat & T. E. Emerson (Eds.), Cahokia: domination and ideology in the Mississippian world (pp. 103–123). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R., Bozhardt, R. F., & Benden, D. M. (2015). Trempealeau entanglements: an ancient colony’s causes and effects. American Antiquity, 80(2), 260–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R., Alt, S. M., & Kruchten, J. D. (2017). The Emerald Acropolis: elevating the moon and water in the rise of Cahokia. Antiquity, 91(355), 207–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, A. R. (2015). Constructing histories: Archaic freshwater shell mounds and social landscapes of the St. Johns River, Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in modern societies: myths of homeland and return. Diaspora, 1(1), 83–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slater, P. A., Hedman, K. M., & Emerson, T. E. (2014). Immigrants at the Mississippian polity of Cahokia: strontium isotope evidence for population movement. Journal of Archaeological Science, 44, 117–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, K. (1988). Nostalgia: a polemic. Cultural Anthropology, 3(3), 227–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. (1993). One longing: narratives of the miniature, the gigantic, the souvenir, the collection. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stoltman, J. B. (2000). A reconsideration of the cultural processes linking Cahokia to its northern hinterlands during the period A. D. 1000-1200. In S. R. Ahler (Ed.), Mounds, Modoc, and Mesoamerica: papers in honor of Melvin L. Fowler (Scientific Papers) (Vol. 28, pp. 439–467). Springfield: Illinois State Museum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Story, J., & Walker, I. (2016). The impact of diasporas: markers of identity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(2), 135–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strong, J. A. (1989). The Mississippian bird-man theme in cross-cultural perspective. In P. Galloway (Ed.), The southeastern ceremonial complex: artifacts and analysis (pp. 211–238). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J. O. (1975). Trends in Cahokia ceramics: preliminary study of the collections from Tracts 15A and 15B. Perspectives in Cahokia Archaeology, Bulletin, 10, 31–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voigt, E. E. (1985). Archaeological testing of the Bauman site (23STG158), Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri. Cultural Resource Management Reports No. 23. St. Louis District: United States Army Corps of Engineers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S. (1990). The vacant quarter and other late events in the lower valley. In D. H. Dye & C. A. Cox (Eds.), Towns and temples along the Mississippi (pp. 170–180). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, W. I. (2004). Population nucleation, intensive agriculture, and environmental degradation: the Cahokia example. Agriculture and Human Values, 21, 255–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Excavations at the Common Field site were funded by a Wenner-Gren Foundation Dissertation Field Work Grant (Gr. 8366), an Indiana University Department of Anthropology David Skomp Research Feasibility Grant, and a Foundation for the Restoration of Ste. Genevieve Research Grant. The Roth Family has been gracious in allowing me access to the Common Field site and the time to analyze artifacts from the site. Susan Alt and Timothy Pauketat provided feedback on early stages of this article—their critical and helpful comments are much appreciated. Thank you to the three anonymous reviewers who provided valuable comments and helpful feedback. All mistakes and errors within are mine alone.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Meghan E. Buchanan.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Buchanan, M.E. Diasporic Longings? Cahokia, Common Field, and Nostalgic Orientations. J Archaeol Method Theory 27, 72–89 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-019-09431-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-019-09431-z

Keywords

Navigation