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Effective valorization of Chlorella biomass and Brewers spent grain substituting fish meal and soybean meal in the diet of herbivorous fish Cirrhinus reba for higher growth, digestibility and sustainable cultivation

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Abstract

This study assessed the effects of substituting fish meal and soybean meal with an algal meal and Brewers’ spent grains (BSG), respectively, on the overall health of the carp, Cirrhinus reba. 18S rDNA sequencing identified the targeted alga as Chlorella sorokiniana SCB (Genbank accession no. OQ702656.1) and the alga was cheaply cultivated in raw poultry litter leachate to prepare the Chlorella meal. A control diet (FS) containing 30% protein was formulated with fish meal and soybean meal. Three experimental diets were formulated to contain Chlorella meal and soybean meal (CS), fish meal and BSG (FB), and Chlorella meal and BSG (CB) as protein ingredients. Developmental parameters were significantly enhanced in carp fed diets composed of Chlorella meal and BSG. The content of serum protein was the highest in fish fed the CS diet, while the highest liver functioning was in the CB group. An enhancement of carcass protein and a slight decrease in carcass lipid was observed in fish fed with algal and BSG-incorporated diets. The levels of saturated fatty acids and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were greatly reduced, while the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were significantly enhanced in the carcasses of carp fed the CB diet. The apparent digestibility of the feeds and feed ingredients were evaluated, and Chlorella and BSG meals had a good digestibility profile. The estimated price of CB feed was 53.72% lower than the corresponding conventional diet. The experiments showed that Chlorella meal and BSG can successfully substitute the conventional protein ingredients in the feed for C. reba without producing any negative impact on growth and nutrient utilization. This is the first report for the assessment and establishment of a combination of an alga and BSG meals as protein sources in fish feed.

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All data are included in the manuscript. If any other requirements regarding data availability, it would be available on request to the corresponding author.

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  1. Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, Raiganj, PIN - 733134, India

    Sourav Chattaraj & Pradeep K. Das Mohapatra

  2. Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India

    Bijay Kumar Behera

  3. College of Fisheries, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, 284003, India

    Bijay Kumar Behera

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Initial information collection, design of the manuscript, and experiments were done by Sourav Chattaraj. Thorough correction including grammar error and rearrangement of the manuscript was done by Bijay Kumar Behera. Conceptualization and final draft preparation were done by Pradeep K. Das Mohapatra. Both the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Chattaraj, S., Behera, B.K. & Das Mohapatra, P.K. Effective valorization of Chlorella biomass and Brewers spent grain substituting fish meal and soybean meal in the diet of herbivorous fish Cirrhinus reba for higher growth, digestibility and sustainable cultivation. J Appl Phycol 36, 217–232 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-023-03106-9

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