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Genetic differentiation in wild Kappaphycus Doty and Eucheuma J. Agardh (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from East Malaysia reveals high inter- and intraspecific diversity with strong biogeographic signal

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Abstract

The region of Eastern Sabah, Malaysia, harbours a rich diversity of eucheumatoid (i.e. Kappaphycus and Eucheuma spp.) algae. The global cultivation of this group of red algae has generally been increasing over the last five decades to respond to worldwide demand in carrageenans. Yet, the industry relies on a handful of clonally propagated individuals; hence the diverse populations of eucheumatoids in Eastern Sabah, Malaysia are widely regarded as potential source of novel germplasm useful for marker-assisted breeding. Based on an unprecedented depth of sampling of previously surveyed areas, this study was undertaken to determine the specific and intraspecific diversity of wild eucheumatoids in the Eastern Sabah region. Six eucheumatoid populations were haphazardly sampled, yielding 195 specimens. Using our previously established methods, the cox2–3 spacer (332 bp) and cox1 (1,407 bp) genetic markers were sequenced and analysed. Our data confirm that eucheumatoids in this area are extremely diverse: four eucheumatoid species in total were encountered and up to three different species coexist in each location surveyed; across all species, 17 novel haplotypes were uncovered. Importantly, we also found that the populations at the six sites investigated were highly differentiated, suggesting that nearby islands may also harbour distinct populations and more unknown haplotypes. Our findings also identified several cox2–3 spacer farmed haplotypes of K. alvarezii (haplotype 3, SWAG) and K. striatus (haplotype 89), suggesting that escapees from farms reproduce in the wild and may potentially compete with the indigenous eucheumatoid population in East Malaysia. These results highlight a need to extend genetic surveys to other islands for discovering novel diversity and to extend the coverage of conservation policies. They also stress the importance of Malaysia acting now to develop its own cultivars by tapping into the country’s rich natural diversity, as well as assessing the risks of bioinvasion to the natural population via long-term biodiversity assessments.

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All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr. Japson Wong, Mr. Ghazali, Mr. Sazali, Ms. Nurmaisyamimi Ramli and officers from the Department of Fisheries Sabah for their helpful assistance during sampling trips in Sabah.

Funding

This work was part of the GlobalSeaweedSTAR project supported by the UK Research and Innovation—Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Grant 2017 No. BB/PO27806/1 (UM Ref. No. IF015-2019) and Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) Programme (Grant No.: IOES-2014H) by Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia

    Ji Tan

  2. Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Pui-Ling Tan, Sze-Wan Poong & Phaik-Eem Lim

  3. Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, UK

    Janina Brakel & Claire Gachon

  4. Unité Molécules de Communication Et Adaptation Des Micro-Organismes, UMR 7245, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France

    Claire Gachon

  5. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK

    Juliet Brodie

  6. Department of Fisheries Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

    Ahemad Sade & Azhar Kassim

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Contributions

Conceptualization: Phaik-Eem Lim, Juliet Brodie, Claire Gachon; Methodology: Pui-Ling Tan, Sze-Wan Poong; Formal analysis and investigation: Ji Tan, Sze-Wan Poong; Writing-original draft preparation: Ji Tan; Writing – review and editing: Ji Tan, Sze-Wan Poong, Janina Brakel, Claire Gachon, Juliet Brodie, Phaik-Eem Lim; Funding acquisition: Phaik-Eem Lim, Claire Gachon, Juliet Brodie; Resources: Ahemad Sade, Azhar Kassim.

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Tan, J., Tan, PL., Poong, SW. et al. Genetic differentiation in wild Kappaphycus Doty and Eucheuma J. Agardh (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from East Malaysia reveals high inter- and intraspecific diversity with strong biogeographic signal. J Appl Phycol 34, 2719–2733 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02809-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02809-9

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