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Red seaweeds strengthening the nexus between nutrition and health: phytochemical characterization and bioactive properties of Grateloupia turuturu and Porphyra umbilicalis extracts

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Abstract

The red seaweeds Grateloupia turuturu and Porphyra umbilicalis are commonly used as human food, mainly in East Asia, being valuable nutritional sources. However, studies focusing on their composition and bioactivities are scarce. Thus, G. turuturu and P. umbilicalis hydroethanolic and water (infusion and decoction) extracts were prepared to characterize their bioactive compounds; assess antioxidant activity against ABTS•+, •OH and •NO radicals and evaluate anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities using mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Folin–Ciocalteau results showed that G. turuturu and P. umbilicalis water extracts have fourfold and threefold, respectively, higher content in reducing compounds than hydroethanolic extracts, with the water decoctions on the richer ones (15.7 ± 0.3 and 11.9 ± 0.2 mg GAE g−1 dw, respectively; p < 0.05). In the same way, decoction extracts of both seaweeds showed the highest antioxidant activity, measured as ABTS•+ scavenging (49.4 ± 1.6 and 46.1 ± 1.8 mmol TE g−1 dw, for G. turuturu and P. umbilicalis, respectively; p < 0.05). Concerning •OH radical, both hydroethanolic extracts exhibited identical (p > 0.05) production inhibition capacity (~ 55%), however higher than water extracts (p < 0.05). Grateloupia turuturu water extracts produced the highest inhibition capacity against •NO production, 54–56%. RP-HPLC–DAD analysis revealed the presence of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) shinorine, palythine, porphyra-334 and asterina-330 identified in both seaweeds. All extracts produced dose- and time-dependent anti-proliferative activity, being P. umbilicalis infusion extracts the most active (IC50 = 0.43 mg mL−1). At non-cytotoxic concentrations, dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity was observed for all extracts, highlighting the P. umbilicalis hydroethanolic extract at 0.2 mg mL−1 that inhibited ~ 55% (of control) of lipopolysaccharide-induced NO release. In conclusion, G. turuturu and P. umbilicalis are rich in bioactive compounds, in particular MAAs, responsible for the bioactivities here reported, reinforcing their potential as functional food as well as sources of bioactive compounds to food and pharmaceutical industries.

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Funding

This research was supported by European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI under Projects POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 (CITAB) and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007728 (CQ-VR), and funds from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), to CITAB (UIDB/04033/2020), CQ-VR (UIDB/00616/2020), CECAV (UIDB/CVT/00772/2020), CESAM (UIDB/50017/2020) and CEB (UIDB/04033/2020), through national funds. FCT is also acknowledged under the references SFRH/BD/144882/2019 to João Ferreira and SFRH/BD/145855/2019 to Carlos Martins-Gomes.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Rui Pereira

    Present address: A4F, Algae for Future, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal

    João Ferreira, Carlos Martins-Gomes, Dario L. Santos & Amélia M. Silva

  2. Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal

    João Ferreira & Isabel Gaivão

  3. Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal

    João Ferreira, Carlos Martins-Gomes, Dario L. Santos & Amélia M. Silva

  4. Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria

    Anja Hartmann

  5. Department of Chemistry (DQ-ECVA) and Chemistry Center - Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal

    Fernando M. Nunes

  6. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal

    Eliana B. Souto

  7. CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal

    Eliana B. Souto

  8. ALGAplusLda., CIEMar, Travessa Alexandre da Conceição S/N, 3830-196, Ílhavo, Portugal

    Helena Abreu & Rui Pereira

  9. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Mário Pacheco

  10. Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal

    Isabel Gaivão

Authors
  1. João Ferreira
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  2. Anja Hartmann
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  3. Carlos Martins-Gomes
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  4. Fernando M. Nunes
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  5. Eliana B. Souto
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  6. Dario L. Santos
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  7. Helena Abreu
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  8. Rui Pereira
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  9. Mário Pacheco
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  10. Isabel Gaivão
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  11. Amélia M. Silva
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amélia M. Silva.

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Ferreira, J., Hartmann, A., Martins-Gomes, C. et al. Red seaweeds strengthening the nexus between nutrition and health: phytochemical characterization and bioactive properties of Grateloupia turuturu and Porphyra umbilicalis extracts. J Appl Phycol 33, 3365–3381 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02529-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-021-02529-6

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