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Molecular divergence between Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory de Saint-Vincent from the Antarctic Peninsula and the Magellan Region

Journal of Applied Phycology volume 31, pages 939–949 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

The distribution of the Southern Ocean (SO) biota is the result of major geological, oceanographic, and climate changes during the last 50 million years (Ma). Several groups of marine benthic organisms exhibit marked taxonomic similarities between the Antarctic Peninsula and southern South America, where families, genera, and even species are currently co-distributed in these continents. Several species of macroalgae including Gigartina skottsbergii, Plocamium cartilagineum, and Iridaea cordata are currently found on both sides of the Drake Passage. Advances in molecular techniques have allowed estimating phylogenetic relationships, levels of differentiation and divergence time estimates between populations from these continents in order to determine whether they constitute separate evolutionary units. In this study, we determine whether Iridaea cordata represents the same evolutionary unit in southern South America and the Antarctic Peninsula or if populations on the two sides of the Drake Passage represent different genetic lineages. According to our results, I. cordata populations from the Antarctic Peninsula and South America are clearly distinguishable evolutionary units with 8.31% and 3.17% mtDNA and cpDNA molecular divergence, respectively. The separation between Antarctic and South American populations of I. cordata occurred at the end of the Miocene, between 5 Ma (rbcL) and 9 Ma (COI-5P). These results are similar to those reported in G. skottsbergii on both sides of the Drake Passage. Thus, I. cordata populations on the two sides of the Drake Passage should be considered two sister species. Cryptic speciation plays an important role in the evolution of the Southern Ocean; thus, the systematics, biogeography, and biodiversity of the region require major revisions.

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Funding

This study was supported by different projects and institutions: INACH project MG_07-17 to P.O-B; Fondecyt Initiation project 11140087, INACH RG_18-17, and GAB (ACT172065) to C.A.G-W; projects P05-002 ICM and PFB023 (Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad IEB) to C.A.G-W. and A.M.; Fondecyt Regular project 1140940 to A.M. and P.O-B.; INACH project RG_15-16 to M-L. G.; and FONDAP program project no. 15150003 to M-L.G. and C.A.G-W.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Ecosistemas Marinos Antárticos y Subantárticos, Universidad de Magallanes (LEMAS), Casilla 113-D, Punta Arenas, Chile

    Paula Ocaranza-Barrera, Sebastián Rosenfeld & Andrés Mansilla

  2. Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas (ICML), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile

    Claudio A. González-Wevar

  3. Instituto Milenio de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile

    Claudio A. González-Wevar

  4. Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile

    Claudio A. González-Wevar & Marie-Laure Guillemin

  5. Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile

    Marie-Laure Guillemin

  6. CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris VI, PUC, UACH, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France

    Marie-Laure Guillemin

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  1. Paula Ocaranza-Barrera
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  2. Claudio A. González-Wevar
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  3. Marie-Laure Guillemin
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Correspondence to Paula Ocaranza-Barrera.

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Ocaranza-Barrera, P., González-Wevar, C.A., Guillemin, ML. et al. Molecular divergence between Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory de Saint-Vincent from the Antarctic Peninsula and the Magellan Region. J Appl Phycol 31, 939–949 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1656-2

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Keywords

  • Southern Ocean
  • Rhodophyta
  • Biogeography
  • Antarctic Circumpolar Current
  • Cryptic speciation
  • Vicariance