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Assessment of cytotoxicity in ten strains of Gambierdiscus australes from Macaronesian Islands by neuro-2a cell-based assays

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Abstract

Within the dinoflagellate genus Gambierdiscus several species are well-known producers of ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs). These compounds are potent marine toxins that accumulate through the food chain, leading to a foodborne disease known as ciguatera when contaminated fish is consumed. Given the threat that the presence of these toxins in seafood may pose to human health and fisheries, there is an evident necessity to assess the potential toxicity of Gambierdiscus sp. in a particular area. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the production of CTX and MTX of 10 strains of Gambierdiscus australes isolated from the Selvagem Grande Island (Madeira, Portugal) and El Hierro Island (Canary Islands, Spain). The strains were first characterized by light microscopy and species were confirmed by molecular biology, being identified as G. australes. Following the species identification, CTX and MTX production of G. australes extracts was evaluated at the exponential growth phase using neuro-2a cell-based assays. Additionally, the production of MTX was also investigated in two of the G. australes strains collected at the stationary growth phase. Interestingly, 9 out of 10 strains were found to produce CTX-like compounds, ranging from 200 to 697 fg equiv. CTX1B cell−1. None of the G. australes strains showed MTX-like activity at the exponential phase, but MTX production was observed in two strains at the stationary growth phase (227 and 275 pg equiv. MTX cell−1). Therefore, the presence of G. australes strains potentially producing CTX and MTX in these Macaronesian Islands was confirmed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Olga Carnicer for the helpful advices in sampling and culturing of microalgae. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Ana Raquel Díaz from Universidad de la Laguna (Canary Islands, Spain); Dr. Pedro Diniz from ITB—Investigação e Transferência de Biotecnologia (Madeira, Portugal); and personnel from Direçao Regional das Pescas and Parque Natural da Madeira (Portugal) for their collaboration in the sampling, processing, and shipment of microalgal samples. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the ECsafeSEAFOOD project (grant agreement no. 311820), from the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya, from the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad through the SEASENSING (BIO2014-56024-C2-2-R) and CIGUASENSING (BIO2017-87946-C2-2-R) projects. LR acknowledges the scholarship from the ECSafeSEAFOOD project, and AT thanks IRTA-URV-Banco Santander for the PhD grant (2015PMF-PIPF-67). We would like to acknowledge the constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers.

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  1. IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain

    Laia Reverté, Anna Toldrà, Karl B. Andree, Giada de Falco, Mònica Campàs & Jorge Diogène

  2. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain

    Santiago Fraga

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  1. Laia Reverté
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  2. Anna Toldrà
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  4. Santiago Fraga
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  6. Mònica Campàs
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  7. Jorge Diogène
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Contributions

JD and LR designed the study and carried out the sampling and isolation of microalgae. LR and GdF maintained and scaled up the Gambierdiscus cultures and performed the cytotoxicity assays on neuro-2a cells for CTX and MTX quantification. AT and KA carried out the species identification by molecular biology. SF characterized the species by light microscopy. LR wrote the manuscript. JD and MC participated in the writing and discussion of the manuscript. All authors have revised and approved the final version of the article.

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Correspondence to Jorge Diogène.

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Reverté, L., Toldrà, A., Andree, K.B. et al. Assessment of cytotoxicity in ten strains of Gambierdiscus australes from Macaronesian Islands by neuro-2a cell-based assays. J Appl Phycol 30, 2447–2461 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1456-8

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