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Effects of the timing of a culture temperature reduction on the comprehensive metabolite profiles of Chlorella vulgaris

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Abstract

This study investigated the effects of different temperature conditions on the comprehensive metabolite profiles of Chlorella vulgaris using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. C. vulgaris cells cultivated at 20 °C were transferred to 10 °C incubators at different time points of cultivation [days 0 (TR0D), 7 (TR7D), and 14 (TR14D)], then they were cultivated at 10 °C until harvesting at day 21 to compare the growth and comprehensive metabolite profiles with those cultivated under a constant cultivation temperature of 20 °C (T20). There was no significant difference in algal cell growth between cultivation under the T20 and temperature reduction (TR) conditions. Algal fatty-acid profiles under TR were different from those of the T20 condition. Specifically, the contents of octadecanoic acid (C18:0), octadecenoic acid (C18:1), hexadecadienoic acid (C16:2), and octadecadienoic acid (C18:2) increased the most under TR0D. The relative levels of metabolites such as β-alanine, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, proline, valine, and myo-inositol, which act as osmolytes, and bioactive compounds such as neophytadiene and ascorbic acid were increased under TR conditions on day 21. Among the metabolites, the contents of neophytadiene and ascorbic acid were further investigated, and the content of ascorbic acid was highest on day 14 under the TR7D condition, while the content of neophytadiene was highest on day 21 under the TR0D and TR14D condition. Therefore, we suggest that a TR from 20 to 10 °C could enhance the production in C. vulgaris cultures of bioactive fatty acids such as C18:1, C16:2, and C18:2 (TR0D), organic osmolytes such as β-alanine, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, proline, valine, and myo-inositol (TR conditions), ascorbic acid (TR7D), and neophytadiene (TR0D and TR14D).

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Basic Core Technology Development Program for the Oceans and the Polar Regions of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning (NRF-2011-0021055) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (NRF-2015R1A5A1008958).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea

      Hye Min Ahn, So-Hyun Kim, Sun-Hee Hyun, Sa Rang Lim, Hye-Youn Kim, Junsang Oh, Kyung-Min Lee & Hyung-Kyoon Choi

    2. Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, Republic of Korea

      Seong-Joo Hong & Choul-Gyun Lee

    3. Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea

      Byung-Kwan Cho

    4. College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea

      Hookeun Lee

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    1. Hye Min Ahn
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    Hye Min Ahn and So-Hyun Kim contributed equally to this work.

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    Fig. S1

    Schematic diagram of the metabolic pathway and relative levels of the main components of C. vulgaris. This diagram was modified from pathways presented in the KEGG database (http://www.genome.jp/kegg/). Data are mean and SD values for six measurements (n = 6, biological triplicate and experiment duplicate). ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s tests (p < 0.05) were conducted, and different superscript letters indicate significant differences. The error bar indicate SD values. (PDF 235 kb)

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    Ahn, H.M., Kim, SH., Hyun, SH. et al. Effects of the timing of a culture temperature reduction on the comprehensive metabolite profiles of Chlorella vulgaris . J Appl Phycol 28, 2641–2650 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-016-0817-4

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