Abstract
We compared the wild Porphyra strain OGATSU from northeastern Japan with cultivated Porphyra yezoensis f. narawaensis using the RuBisCO spacer, rbcL, and ITS-1 DNA sequences as well as early gametophyte development. Based on the molecular analyses and detailed morphological observations, OGATSU was identified as P. yezoensis, but also revealed important differences from the cultivated form. Under the same culture conditions, gametophytic blades of OGATSU produced more archeospores than P. yezoensis f. narawaensis strain HG-4. The length of blades and their length-to-width ratios were significantly lower in OGATSU than in HG-4, and the color of OGATSU blades was darker than that of HG-4. The first lateral cell division in conchospore germlings occurred significantly earlier in the OGATSU strain than in the HG-4 strain, resulting in the rounder shape of the OGATSU blade compared to that of P. yezoensis f. narawaensis. These results suggested that wild strains such as OGATSU can provide useful characters that could enhance cultivated varieties in a careful breeding program.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brodie J, Hayes PK, Barker GL, Irvine, LM, Bartsch I (1998) A reappraisal of Porphyra and Bangia (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta) in the northeast Atlantic based on the rbcL-rbcS intergenic spacer. J Phycol 34:1069–1074
Broom JE, Jones WA, Hill DF, Knight GA, Nelson WA (1999) Species recognition in New Zealand Porphyra using 18S rDNA sequencing. J Appl Phycol 11:421–428
Broom JE, Nelson WA, Yarish C, Jones WA, Aguilar Rosas R, Aguilar Rosas LE (2002) A reassessment of the taxonomic status of Porphyra suborbiculata, Porphyra carolinensis and Porphyra lilliputiana (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) based on molecular and morphological data. Eur J Phycol 37:227–235
Clement M, Posada D, Crandall K (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol Ecol 9:1657–1659
Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791
Hanyuda T, Suzawa Y, Suzawa T, Arai S, Sato H, Ueda K, Kumano S (2004) Biogeography and taxonomy of Batrachospermum helminthosum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta) in Japan inferred from rbcL gene sequences. J Phycol 40:581–588
Klein AS, Mathieson AC, Neefus CD, Cain DF, Taylor HA, Teasdale BW, West AL, Hehre EJ, Brodie J, Yarish C, Wallace AL (2003) Identification of north-western Atlantic Porphyra (Bangiaceae, Bangiales) based on sequence variation in nuclear SSU and plastid rbcL genes. Phycologia 42:109–122
Kunimoto M, Kito H, Yamamoto Y, Cheney DP, Kaminishi Y, Mizukami Y (1999a) Discrimination of Porphyra species based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequence. J Appl Phycol 11:203–209
Kunimoto M, Kito H, Kaminishi Y, Mizukami Y, Murase N (1999b) Molecular divergence of the SSU rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer 1 in Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 11:211–216
Kurogi M (1961) Species of cultivated Porphyras and their life histories. Bull Tohoku Reg Fish Res Lab 18:1–115
Lindstrom SC, Fredericq S (2003) rbcL gene sequences reveal relationships among north-east Pacific species of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and a new species, P. aestivalis. Phycol Res 51:211–224
Milstein D, Oliveira MC (2005) Molecular phylogeny of Bangiales (Rhodophyta) based on small subunit rDNA sequencing: emphasis on Brazilian Porphyra species. Phycologia 44:212–221
Miura A (1971) Cultivated species and varieties of Porphyra (in Japanese). In: Zenkoku Nori-Kairui Gyogyo-kyodokumiai Rengokai (National Federation of Nori and Shellfish Fishermen’s Cooperative Association)
Miura A (1984) A new variety and a new form of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from Japan: Porphyra tenera Kjellman var. tamatsuensis Miura, var. nov. and P. yezoensis Ueda form. narawaensis Miura, form. nov. J Tokyo Univ Fish 71:1–14, pl I–XI
Miura A (1988) Taxonomic studies of Porphyra species cultivated in Japan, referring to their transition to the cultivated variety. J Tokyo Univ Fish 75:311–325
Miura A, Aruga Y (1987) Distribution of Porphyra in Japan as affected by cultivation. J Tokyo Univ Fish 74:41–50
Mizukami Y, Kito H, Kaminishi Y, Murase N, Kunimoto M (1999) Nucleotide sequence variation in the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions of cultivated (cultivars) and field-collected thalli of Porphyra yezoensis. Fish Sci 65:788–789
Neefus CD, Mathieson AC, Klein AS, Teasdale B, Bray T, Yarish C (2002) Porphyra birdiae sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): a new species from the northwest Atrantic. Algae 17:203–216
Nelson WA, Broom JE, Farr TJ (2001) Four new species of Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from the New Zealand region described using traditional characters and 18S rDNA sequence data. Cryptog Algol 22:263–284
Niwa K, Aruga Y (2003) Rapid DNA extraction from conchocelis and ITS-1 rDNA sequences of seven strains of cultivated Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 15:29–35
Niwa K, Aruga Y (2006) Identification of currently cultivated Porphyra species by PCR-RFLP analysis. Fish Sci 72:143–148
Niwa K, Mizuta A, Aruga Y (2002) Genetic characterization of a spontaneous green-type pigmentation mutant of Porphyra yezoensis and the significance of using heterozygous conchocelis in nori farming. Fish Sci 68:729–735
Niwa K, Kikuchi N, Iwabuchi M, Aruga Y (2004) Morphological and AFLP variation of Porphyra yezoensis Ueda form. narawaensis Miura (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Phycol Res 52:180–190
Niwa K, Kikuchi N, Aruga Y (2005a) Morphological and molecular analysis of the endangered species Porphyra tenera (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). J Phycol 41:294–304
Niwa K, Kobiyama A, Aruga Y (2005b) Confirmation of cultivated Porphyra tenera (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of the plastid and nuclear DNA. Phycol Res 53:296–302
Oliveira MC, Kurniawan J, Bird CJ, Rice EL, Murphy CA, Singh RK, Gutell RR, Ragan MA (1995) A preliminary investigation of the order Bangiales (Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyta) based on sequences of the nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Phycol Res 43:71–79
Posada D, Crandall KA (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14:817–818
Rodriguez F, Oliver JF, Marin A, Medina JR (1990) The general stochastic model of nucleotide substitution. J Theor Biol 142:485–501
Suto S (1950) Distinction among forms of the “Asakusanori” (Porphyra) in the Tokyo Bay. A preliminary note (in Japanese with English abstract). Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 15:649–652
Swofford DL (2002) PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4.0b10. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The Clustal X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 24:4876–4882
West AL, Mathieson AC, Klein AS, Neef CD (2005) Molecular ecological studies of New England species of Porphyra (Rhodophyta, Bangiales). Nova Hedwig 80:1–24
Acknowledgments
We thank Mr. Mitsunobu Iwabuchi for his generosity in providing us with the strain of wild P. yezoensis and Drs. Takeaki Hanyuda and Shinya Uwai for their helpful suggestions on molecular analyses. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid from the Fisheries Agency of Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niwa, K., Kato, A., Kobiyama, A. et al. Comparative study of wild and cultivated Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) based on molecular and morphological data. J Appl Phycol 20, 261–270 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9242-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-007-9242-z