Skip to main content

Where are We Standing and Where Should We Be Going? Gender and Climate Change Adaptation Behavior

Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics volume 33, pages 187–218 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Climate change poses as one of the greatest ethical challenges of the contemporary era and which is rapidly affecting all sectors and ecosystems, including natural ecosystems and human and social environments. The impacts on human societies, and societies’ ability to mitigate and adapt to these changes and to adhere to ethical principles are influenced by various factors, including gender. Therefore, this study aimed to design a model of climate change adaptation behavior among rice farmers in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, based on gender analysis (IUCN, UNDP and GGCA in Training manual on gender and climate change, 2009) and using the developed model of protection motivation theory (Bockarjova and Steg in Glob Environ Change 28:276–288, 2014). For this purpose, 173 female and 233 male rice farmers in Mazandaran Province were selected through stratified random sampling. The results showed that threat and coping appraisal had positive and significant effects on climate change adaptation behavior in both groups. Additionally, men’s and women’s perceived severity had the greatest impact on threat appraisal, and response costs had the greatest impact on their coping appraisal of climate change. Given that climate change adaptation behavior has been largely dependent on the development of ethical principles and the behavior of men and women toward climate change and based on the research findings, some suggestions are recommended at the mega (international), macro (governmental and legislative), meso (related organizations) and micro (rice farmers) levels for male and female rice farmers to adapt to the climate change phenomenon.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Source: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005835.g001

Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

References

  • Acquah, D. G., & Onumah, E. E. (2011). Farmers perception and adaptation to cimate change: An estimation of willingness to pay. The Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa,3, 31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adger, W. N., Agrawala, S., Mirza, M. M. Q., Conde, C., O’Brien, K., Pulhin, J., et al. (2007). Assessment of adaptation practices, options, constraints and capacity. In M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, V. D. Linden, & C. E. Hanson (Eds.), Climate change, impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (pp. 717–743). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Adger, W. N., Dessai, S., Goulden, M., Hulme, M., Lorenzoni, I., Nelson, D. R., et al. (2009). Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Climate Change,93(3), 335–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adger, W. N., Huq, S., Brown, K., Conway, D., & Hulme, M. (2003). Adaptation to climate change in the developing world. Progress in Development Studies,3, 179–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alston, M. (2013). Women and adaptation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,4(5), 351–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amirkhani, S., & Chizari, M. (2010). Factors influencing drought management in Varamin township. In Hoseini M, Shahbazi I, & Karamidehkordi I (Eds.), Third congress of agricultural extension and natural resources (pp. 107–118). Mashhad: Iran.

  • Ampaire, E. L., Acosta, M., Huyer, S., Kigonya, R., Muchunguzi, P., Muna, R., et al. (2019). Gender in climate change, agriculture, and natural resource policies: Insights from East Africa. Climatic Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02447-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arunrat, N., & Pumijumnong, N. (2015). The preliminary study of climate change impact onrice production and economic in Thailand. Asian Social Science,11(15), 275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barner, J. (2001). Adapting to Climate Change in Pasific Island countries: The problem of uncertainty. World Development,29, 977–993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battisti, D., & Naylor, R. (2009). Historical warnings of future food insecurity with un-precedented seasonal Heat. Science,80(323), 240–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazerman, M. H., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (2011). Blind Spots: Why we fail to do what’s right and what to do about it. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Below, T. B., Mutabazi, K. D., Kirschke, D., Franke, C., Sieber, S., Siebert, R., et al. (2012). Can farmers’ adaptation to climate change be explained by socio-economic household-level variables? Global Environmental Change,22, 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, H., Martin, I., & Raish, C. (2007). What motivates homeowners to protect themselves from wildfire risks in the WUI? Risk Analysis,27(4), 887–900.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bockarjova, M., & Steg, L. (2014). Can protection motivation theory predict proenvironmental behavior? Explaining the adoption of electric vehicles in the Netherlands. Global Environmental Change,28, 276–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, E., Deressa, T. T., Gbetibouo, G. A., & Ringler, C. (2009). Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: Options and constraints. Environmental Science & Policy,12, 413–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, C. R., Smit, B., Brklacich, M., Johnston, T. R., Smithers, J., Chiotti, Q., et al. (2000). Adaptation in Canadian agriculture to climatic variability and change. Climate Change,45(1), 181–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bubeck, P., Botzen, W. J. W., Kreibich, H., & Aerts, J. C. J. H. (2013). Detailed in sights into the influence of flood-coping appraisals on mitigation behavior. Global Environmental Change,23, 1327–1338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, J. A. (2011). SAGE-green ethics and philosophy. Retrieved January 2011, from https://www.Researchgate.net/publication/229090769.

  • Cash, D. W., Adger, W. N., Berkes, F., Garden, P., Lebel, L., & Olsson, P. (2006). Scale and cross-scale dynamics: Governance and in formation in a multilevel world. Ecology and Society,11(2), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cates, J., Dian, D., & Schnepf, G. (2003). The use of protection motivation theory to assess fear of crime in rural areas. Psychology, Crime & Law,9(3), 225–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern methods for business research (pp. 295–336). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cismaru, M., Cismaru, R., Ono, T., & Nelson, K. (2011). Act on climate change: An application of protection motivation theory. Social Marketing Quarterly,17(3), 62–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, N., & Bastiaans, K. (2007). Understanding Australian consumers perceptions of selenium and motivations to consume selenium enriched foods. Food Quality and Preference,18(1), 66–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dang, L. H., Li, E., Nuberg, I., & Bruwer, J. (2014). Understanding farmers’ adaptation intention to climate change: A structural equation modelling study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Science & Policy,41, 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dankelman, I. (2002). Climate change: Learning from gender analysis and women’s experiences of organizing for sustainable development. Gender & Development,10(2), 21–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doss, C. R. (2001). Designing agricultural technology for African women farmers: Lessons from 25 years of experience. World Development,29(12), 2075–2092.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastin, J. (2018). Climate change and gender equality in developing states. World Development,107(2018), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esham, M., & Garforth, C. (2013). Agricultural adaptation to climate change: Insights from a farming community in Sri-Lanka. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,18(5), 535–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-012-9374-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fang Chen, M. (2015). Extending the theory of planned behavior model to explain people’s energy savings and carbon reduction behavioral intentions to mitigate climate change in Taiwan-Moral obligation matters. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO. (2015). Women feed the world, http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0262e/x0262e16.htm.

  • Faramarzi, M. (2010). Assessment of Regional Water Endowments, Crop Water Productivity and Implications for Intra-country Virtual Water Trade in Iran. Ph.D., Thesis. https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a006044590.

  • Filson, G. C. (1993). Comparative differences in Ontario farmers’ environmental attitudes. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,6(2), 165–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gattiker, U. E., & Kelley, H. (1999). Morality and Computers: Attitudes and Differences in Moral Judgments. Information Systems Research, 10(3), 233–254. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.10.3.233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebrehiwot, T., & Veen, A. V. D. (2015). Farmers prone to drought risk: Why some farmers undertake farm-level risk-reduction measures while others not? Environmental Management,55, 588–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geographical location of Mazandaran Province. (2018). Resource document. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005835.g001.

  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2008). Health behavior and health education (4th ed.). San Francisco: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greening, L., & Stoppelbein, L. (2000). Young drivers’ health attitudes and intentions to drink and drive. Journal of Adolescent Health,27, 94–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: The process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change,15(3), 199–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grothmann, T., & Reusswig, F. (2006). People at risk of flooding: Why some residents take precautionary action while others do not. Natural Hazards,38(1), 101–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gururani, S. (2002). Construction of Third World women’s knowledge in the development discourse. International Social Science Journal,54(173), 313–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habiba, U., Shaw, R., & Takeuchi, Y. (2011). Socioeconomic impact of drought in Bangladesh. In R. Shaw & H. Nguyen (Eds.), Droughts in Asian monsoon region, community, environment and disaster risk management (Vol. 8, pp. 25–48). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habtezion, S. (2013). Overview of linkages between gender and climate change. Policy Brief. New York: United Nations Development Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haer, T., Botzen, W. W., & Aerts, J. C. (2016). The effectiveness of flood risk communication strategies and the influence of social networks Insights from an agent-based model. Environmental Science & Policy,60, 44–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haidt, J. (2008). Morality. Perspectives on Psychological Science,3, 65–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hattingh, J., Tollemache, N., Apressyan, R., Vessuri, H., & Crowley, J. (2009). Ethical implications of global climate change. World Commission on the ethics of scientific knowledge and technology. In 6th Ord Session Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 16–19 June.

  • Henson, S., Blandon, J., Cranfield, J., & Herath, D. (2010). Understanding the propensity of consumers to comply with dietary guidelines directed at heart health. Appetite,54, 52–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henson, S., Masakure, O., & Cranfield, J. (2008). The propensity for consumers to offset health risks through the use of functional foods and nutraceuticals: The case of lycopene. Food Quality and Preference,19(4), 395–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houlding, C., & Davidson, R. (2003). Beliefs as predictors of condom use by injecting drug users in treatment. Health Education Research,18, 145–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ifinedo, P. (2012). Understanding information systems security policycompliance: An integration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory. Computer and Security,31, 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • IPCC. (2007). IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4): Climate Change 2007. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • IPCC. (2014). Summary for policymakers. In C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, et al. (Eds.), Climate change: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

  • Iran News Agency. (2019). Resource document. Retrieved March 25, from https://www.irna.ir/news/82861886.

  • Iran Statistical Center website. (2018). Resource document. Retrieved June 12, from https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Iran-Statistical-Yearbook.

  • IUCN, UNDP & GGCA. (2009). Training manual on gender and climate change. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.) Gender-sensitive strategies on technology development and transfer to support actions on mitigation and adaptation (pp. 179–196). New York: IUCN. Retrieved March 2009, from https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2009-012.pdf.

  • Jahanbakhsh, S., Hadiyani, M. O., Rezaei Banafsheh, M., & Dinpazhuh, Y. (2010). 4th international congress of the Islamic World Geographers. 14–16 April, Zahedan, Iran.

  • Jerneck, A. (2018). Taking gender seriously in climate change adaptation and sustainability science research: Views from feminist debates and sub-Saharan small-scale agriculture. Sustainability Science,13(2), 403–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabaki, N., & Yoneyama, T. (1982). Physiological mechanism of growth retardation in rice seedlings as affected by low temperature. Japanese Journal of Crop Science,51, 82–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantola, S. J., Syme, G. J., & Nesdale, A. R. (1983). The effects of appraised severity and efficacy in promoting water conservation: An informational analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,13(2), 164–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karrer, S. L. (2012). Swiss farmers’ perception of and response to climate change. Ph.D. Thesis. Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH Zürich.

  • Keshavarz, M., & Karami, E. (2016). Farmers’ pro-environmental behavior under drought: Application of protection motivation theory. Journal of Arid Environments,127, 128–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S., Jeong, S. H., & Hwang, Y. (2012). Predictors of pro-environmental behaviors of American and Korean students: The application of the theory of reasoned action and protection motivation theory. Science Communication,35, 168–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kisauzi, T., Mangheni, M. N., Sseguya, H., & Bashaasha, B. (2012). Gender dimensions of farmers’ perceptions and knowledge on climate change in Teso sub-region, eastern Uganda. African Crop Science Journal,20, 275–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kontgis, C., Schneider, A., Ozdogan, M., Kucharik, C., Dang Tri, V. P., Hong Duc, N., et al. (2018). Climate change impacts on rice productivity in the Mekong River Delta. Applied Geography,102(2019), 71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreie, J., & Cronan, T.P. (1999). Copyright, piracy, privacy, and security issues: acceptable orunacceptable actions for end users? Journal of End User Computing, 11(2), 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurukulasuriya, P., & Mendelsohn, R. (2006). Crop selection: Adapting to climate change in Africa. Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa, No. 26, Pretoria: South Africa.

  • Kuruppu, N., & Liverman, D. (2011). Mental preparation for climate adaptation: The role of cognition and culture in enhancing adaptive capacity of water management in Kiribati. Global Environmental Change,21(2), 657–669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahsayizade, A., & Mohammadi Nia, T. (2007). The analysis of role of women in protection of environment. The Journal of Social Sciences and Sociology,12, 28–58. (in Persian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., Hsu, L., Han, H., & Kim, Y. (2010). Understanding how customers view green hotels: How a hotel’s green image can in fluence behavioral intentions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,18(7), 901–914.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loch, K. D., & Conger, S. (1996). Evaluating ethical decision making and computer use. Communications of the ACM, 39(7), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1145/233977.233999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luber, G., & McGeehin, M. (2008). Climate change and extreme heat events. American Journal of Preventive Medicine,35, 429–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madani, K. (2014). Water management in Iran: What is causing the looming crisis? The Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences,4(4), 315–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madar, M. (2016). Does gender play a role in ethical decision making? Retrieved February 02, 2016, from https://medium.com/@MadarMarissaUSF/does-gender-play-a-role-in-ethical-decision-making-6cfa75352fae.

  • Markowitz, E. M. (2012). Is climate change an ethical issue? Examining young adults’ beliefs about climate and morality. Climatic Change,114, 479–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0422-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazandaran Agricultural Jihad Organization. (2017). Resource document. Retrieved October 30, from http://jkmaz.ir/Home/ShowDetailsMenuContent?MenuId=9.

  • Mazandaran Agricultural Jihad Organization. (2018). Resource document. Retrieved March 2, from http://jkmaz.ir/Home/ShowDetailsMenuContent?MenuId=9.

  • Mazandaran Cultural Heritage Organization. (2018). Resource document. Retrieved March 8, from https://web.archive.org/web/20040103025522/ http://www.mazandaranmiras.ir/.

  • McCarthy, J. J., Canziani, O. F., Leary, N. A., Dokken, D. J., & White, K. S. (2001). Climate change: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCright, A. M. (2010). The effects of gender on climate change knowledge and concern in the American public. Population and Environment,32(1), 6–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, F. V. (2014). Developing an integrated conceptual framework of Pro-environmental behavior in the workplace through synthesis of the current literature. Administrative Sciences,4(3), 276–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meteorological Organization of Mazandaran. (2018). Resource document. Accessed November 6, from http://www.irimo.ir/far/wd/720.

  • Meteorological Organization of Mazandaran. (2019). Resource document. Retrieved January 11, from http://www.irimo.ir/far/wd/720.

  • Mirzayi, S. M., Vajozani, N., & Puladi, O. (2009). The analysis of cultural and social role of women in protection of environment. The Journal of Contemporary Sociology,2(3), 18–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulilis, J. P., & Lippa, R. (1990). Behavioral change in earthquake preparedness due to negative threat appeals: A test of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,20(8), 619–638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, J. Q., & Reenberg, A. (2010). Cultural barriers to climate change adaptation: A case study from Northern Burkina Faso. Global Environmental Change,20, 142–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omidi Najafabadi, M. (2013). A gender sensitive analysis towards Organic agriculture: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-013-9461-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osberghaus, D., Finkel, E., & Pohl, M. (2010). Individual adaptation to climate change: The role of information and perceived risk. Discussion Paper, No, 10e061. Centre for European Economic Research.

  • Parry, M. L., & Carter, T. R. (1989). An assessment of the effects of climatic change on agriculture. Climate Change,15, 95–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partey, S. T., Dakorah, A. D., Zougmoré, R. B., Ouédraogo, M., Nyasimi, M., Nikoi, G. K., et al. (2018). Gender and climate risk management: Evidence of climate information use in Ghana. Climatic Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2239-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plotnikoff, R. C., Trinh, L., Courneya, K. S., Karunamuni, N., & Sigal, R. J. (2009). Predictors of aerobic physical activity and resistance training among Canadian adults with type 2 diabetes: An application of the protection motivation theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise,10, 320–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portman, A. (2018). Food Sovereignty and Gender Justice. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics,31, 455–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-018-9739-2(0123456789).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmani, B., & Bijani, B. (2009). The influencing factors on women’ participation in protection urban environment emphasis with eco feministic attitude. The Geographical Journal of Amayesh,7, 16–40. (in Persian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, J. (1995). Climate change and global agriculture: Recent findings and issues. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,77, 727–733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei, M., & Nahvi, M. (2007). Effect of different irrigation management methods on water use efficiency and rice yield. Agricultural Science,1, 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology,91(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In B. L. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook. London: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabziyan, K., & Khosravi poor, B. (2011). The role of rural women in management of environment. In Conference planning and environmental management. The Faculty of Environment, Tehran University, Iran.

  • Salehi, S. (2009). People and the environment: A study of environmental attitudes and behaviors in Iran. Saarbrücken: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salehi, S. (2011). An analysis of relationship between new environmental attitude and household energy consumption. Environmental Sciences,9(4), 118–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salehi, S. (2012). An analysis of women’ attitude towards recycling household waste in Mazandaran province. Research Report. Mazandarn, Iran: Mazandarn University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salehi, S., Pazuki Nejat, Z., Mahmoudi, H., & Knierim, A. (2015). Gender, responsible citizenship and global climate change. Women’s Studies International Forum,50, 30–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarpa, R., & Thiene, M. (2011). Organic food choices and protection motivation theory: Addressing the psychological sources of heterogeneity. Food Quality and Preference,22, 532–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shwom, R., Bidwell, D., Dan, A., & Dietz, T. (2010). Understanding U.S. public support for domestic climate change policies. Global Environmental Change,20, 472–482.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A. (2003). Enhancing Rice Productivity in Water Stressed Environments. IRRI Publications. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814280013_0013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, A., Svensson, J., & Kalyanpur, A. (2010). The state of sex-disaggregated data for assessing the impact of climate change. Procedia Environmental Science,1, 395–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit, B., & Skinner, M. W. (2002). Adaptation options in agriculture to climate change: A typology. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,7, 85–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S. L., & O'Brien, J.A. (1991). The effect of demographic factors on attitudes toward software piracy. Ethical Issues in Information Systems (South-Western Publishing Company).

  • Tapsuwan, S., & Rongrongmuang, W. (2015). Climate change perception of the dive tourism industry in Koh Tao Island, Thailand. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism,11, 58–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y. M., & Lauro, C. (2005). PLS path modeling. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis,48(1), 159–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truelove, H. B., Carrico, A. R., & Thabrew, L. (2015). A socio-psychological model for analyzing climate change adaptation: A case study of Sri Lankan paddy farmers. Global Environmental Change,31, 85–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turiel, E. (1994). Morality, authoritarianism, and personal agency in cultural contexts, personality and intelligence (pp. 271–302). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ung, M., Luginaah, I., Chuenpagdee, R., & Campbell, G. (2015). Perceived self-efficacy and adaptation to climate change in Coastal Cambodia. Climate,4(1), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. (2017). Declaration of ethical principles in relation to climate change. Document code: SHS/BIO/PI/2017/2. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260129.

  • Valentine, S., Godkin, L., Page, K., & Rittenburg, T. (2009). Gender and ethics Ethical judgments, ethical intentions, and altruism among healthcare professionals. International Journal of Gender in Management,24(2), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542410910938808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vergara, B. S., & Visperas, R. M. (1971). Effect of temperature on the physiology and morphology of the rice plant. Int. Rice Res. Inst., Los Banos, Philippines, pp. 7–21.

  • Vincent, K. E., Tschakert, P., Barnett, J., Rivera-Ferre, M. G., & Woodward, A. (2014). Cross-chapter box on gender and climate change. In C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, et al. (Eds.), Climate change: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC, (Vol. 1, pp. 105–107). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

  • WHO. (2014). Gender, climate change and health. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widawsky, D. A., & O’Toole, J. C. (1990). Prioritizing the rice biotechnology research Agenda for Eastern India (p. 86). The Rockefeller Foundation: NewYork.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2009). Social development. Resource document. Retrieved August 2008–May 2009, from http://go.worldbank.org/CQTT183AY0. [Google Scholar].

  • Wu, W. W. (2010). Linking Bayesian networks and PLS path modeling for causal analysis. Expert Systems with Applications,37, 134–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaalberg, R., & Midden, C. J. H. (2010). Human responses to climate change: flooding experiences in the Netherlands. In P. Martens & C. T. Chang (Eds.), The social and behavioral aspects of climate change linking vulnerability, adaptation and mitigation. Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zia, A. M., Salim, M., & Aslam, M. (2004). Effect of low temperature of irrigation water on rice growth and nutrient uptake. Crop Science,173, 22–31.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Special thanks for the male and female rice farmers who participated in this study. We appreciate the thoughtful suggestions and comments from two anonymous reviewers which helped in improving the quality of this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics, Agricultural Extension and Education, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Imaneh Goli, Maryam Omidi Najafabadi & Farhad Lashgarara

Authors
  1. Imaneh Goli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maryam Omidi Najafabadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Farhad Lashgarara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maryam Omidi Najafabadi.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The present article is taken from Imaneh Goli’s thesis entitled “ Designing Behavioral Adaptation of Mazandaran’s rice farmers to climate changes Based on Gender Analysis Approach” under the supervision of Dr. Maryam Omidi Najafabadi and Dr. Farhad Lashgarara.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Goli, I., Omidi Najafabadi, M. & Lashgarara, F. Where are We Standing and Where Should We Be Going? Gender and Climate Change Adaptation Behavior. J Agric Environ Ethics 33, 187–218 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-020-09822-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-020-09822-3

Keywords

  • Climate change
  • Adaptation
  • Gender
  • Protection motivation theory