Systemic Explanations of Scientific Misconduct: Provoked by Spectacular Cases of Norm Violation?

Table 1 Types of explanations offered for scientific norm violation in three Dutch newspapers (NRC Handelsblad, De Volkskrant, Trouw), 1990–2018. ‘Diekstra’ and ‘Stapel’ refer to explanations offered of these persons’ specific cases; ‘other’ includes more general explanations offered of scientific norm violation

Type of explanation	1990–1999			2000–2009	2010–2018
	Diekstra	Other	Total		Stapel	Other	Total
Personal explanations (1)
1: Personality traits	4	1	5	2	4	1	5
Structural explanations (2–5)
2: Publication pressure	0	2	2	0	6	15	21
3: Grant competition pressure	0	0	0	0	1	5	6
4: Third party funding	0	0	0	3	0	3	3
5: Research culture in the field	0	0	0	0	2	2	4
Other explanations (6)
6: Other factors	2	2	4	1	1	1	2
Total	6	5	11	6	14	27	41