Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Emotional Availability of Parents and Psychological Health: What Does Mediate This Relationship?

  • Published:
Journal of Adult Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The relationship and interaction between a parent and child is of an ever-changing nature. In the first years of the child, parents are more supportive of the child’s development and guide the changes that take place. When adolescence ends and child becomes an adult, parent–child relationship takes on a different pattern in which the relation is more egalitarian. Despite this changing nature, research findings demonstrate that children who continue to receive emotional support from their parents, feel attached to them and care about their contributions and support. Thus, it becomes important to evaluate how certain parental properties affect psychological health within this changing relationship structure. From this point of view, this study examines the mediator role of emotion regulation skills, interpersonal relationship styles, and perceived social support on the relationship between parental emotional availability and general psychological health of individuals aged 16–25 who still live with their parents. It has been found that difficulty in emotion regulation, interpersonal relationship style, and social support has complete mediation effect on the relationship between both maternal and paternal emotional availability and psychological health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, J. P., Hauser, S. T., Bell, K. L., & O’Connor, T. G. (1994). Longitudinal assessment of autonomy and relatedness in adolescent-family interactions as predictors of adolescent ego development and self-esteem. Child Development, 65(1), 179–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. P., Porter, M., McFarland, C., McElhaney, K. B., & Marsh, P. (2007). The relation of attachment security to adolescents’ paternal and peer relationships, depression, and externalizing behavior. Child Development, 78(4), 1222–1239.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aviezer, O., Sagi-Schwartz, A., & Koren-Karie, N. (2003). Ecological constraints on the formation of infant-mother attachment relations: When maternal sensitivity becomes ineffective. Infant Behavior and Development, 26(3), 285–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bariola, E., Gullone, E., & Hughes, E. K. (2011). Child and adolescent emotion regulation: The role of parental emotion regulation and expression. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 14(2), 198–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55(11), 1247–1263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Batıgün, A. D., & Şahin, N. H. (2009). Interpersonal style, anger, and self-perception: Common factors in psychopathologies. Ankara: Ankara University: Final Report of Scientific Research Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birditt, K. S., Fingerman, K. L., Lefkowitz, E. S., & Dush, C. M. K. (2008). Parents perceived as peers: Filial maturity in adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 15(1), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biringen, Z. (2000). Emotional availability: Conceptualization and research findings. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(1), 104–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biringen, Z., & Robinson, J. (1991). Emotional availability in mother-child interactions: A reconceptualization for research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61(2), 258–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosco, G. L., Renk, K., Dinger, T. M., Epstein, M. K., & Phares, V. (2003). The connections between adolescents’ perceptions of parents, parental psychological symptoms, and adolescent functioning. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(2), 179–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections. Developmental Review, 13(4), 471–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2009). The past achievements and future promises of developmental psychopathology: The coming of age of a discipline. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(1-2), 16–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K., & Teti, L. O. D. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 73–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derogatis, L. R. (1992). Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterbrooks, M., Biesecker, G., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2000). Infancy predictors of emotional availability in middle childhood: The roles of attachment security and maternal depressive symptomatology. Attachment and Human Development, 2(2), 170–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Easterbrooks, M., Bureau, J. F., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2012). Developmental correlates and predictors of emotional availability in mother-child interaction: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 24(01), 65–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241–273.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2001). Factorial structure, validity and reliability of revised form of multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 17–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elicker, J., Englund, M., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Predicting peer competence and peer relationships in childhood from early parent–child relationships. In R. D. Parke & G. W. ve Ladd (Eds.), Family-peer relationships: Modes of linkage. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, T. (1994). The effects of mother’s physical and emotional unavailability on emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3), 208–227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, R., & McLaren, S. (2006). The association of avoidance coping style, and perceived mother and father support with anxiety/depression among late adolescents: Applicability of resiliency models. Personality and individual differences, 40(6), 1165–1176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, J. (1999). Bağımlılık mı? Bağlılık mı? Zehirleyici ilişkilerden, besleyici ilişkilere, (Z. Yıldırımoğlu, Çev.). Ankara: Kuraldışı Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • İmamoğlu, E. O. (1998). Individualism and collectivism in a model and scale of balanced differentiation and integration. The Journal of Psychology, 132(1), 95–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • İmamoğlu, E. O. (2003). Individuation and relatedness: Not opposing but distinct and complementary. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 129(4), 367–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000). Kültürel Psikoloji: Kültür Bağlamında İnsan ve Aile. İstanbul: Evrim Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karadayı, E. F. (1998). İlişkili Özerklik Kavramı, Ölçülmesi, Gelişimi, Toplumsal Önemi, Gençlere ve Kültüre Özgü Değerlendirmeler. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi Basımevi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (1991). Family disruption, parental availability and child adjustment. Advances in Behavioral Assessment of Children and Families, 5, 171–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lum, J. J., & Phares, V. (2005). Assessing the emotional availability of parents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 27(3), 211–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 11(1), 11–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Millward, C. (1998). Later life parents helping adult children. Family Matters, 50, 38–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F. M., Avenevoli, S., & Essex, M. J. (2002). Temperamental vulnerability and negative parenting as interacting predictors of child adjustment. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 461–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rugancı, R. N. (2008). The relationship among attachment style, affect regulation, pyschological distress and mental construction of the relational world. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University.

  • Şahin, N. H., Batıgün, D. A., & Uğurtaş, S. (2002). The validity, reliability and factor structure of the brief symptom inventory(BSI). Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 13(2), 125–135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Şahin, N. H., Batıgün, D. A., & Uzun, C. (2011). Anxiety disorder: a study on interpersonal style, self perfection, and anger. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 12(2), 107–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Şahin, N. H., & Durak, A. (1994). A study of the brief symptom inventory in Turkish youth. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 9(31), 44–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Şahin, N. H., Durak, A., & Yasak-Gültekin, Y. (1994). Interpersonal style, loneliness and depression. 23rd International Congress of Applied Psychology, July 17–22, Madrid.

  • Scherer, D. G., Melloh, T., Buyck, D., Anderson, C., & Foster, A. (1996). Relation between children’s perceptions of maternal mental illness and children’s psychological adjustment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25(2), 156–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Şen, H., Yavuz-Müren, M., & Yağmurlu, B. (2014). Parenting: The Turkish contex. H. Selin (Ed.), Parenting across cultures: Childrearing, motherhood and fatherhood in non-western cultures. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Beaman, J., & Conger, R. D. (1994). The impact of mothers’ parenting, involvement by nonresidential fathers, and parental conflict on the adjustment of adolescent children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 356–374.

  • Steinberg, S. J., & Davila, J. (2008). Romantic functioning and depressive symptoms among early adolescent girls: The moderating role of parental emotional availability. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(2), 350–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Umberson, D. (1992). Relationships between adult children and their parents: Psychological consequences for both generations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 664–674.

  • Vassallo, S., Smart, D., & Price-Robertson, R. (2009). The roles that parents play in the lives of their young adult children. Family Matters, 82, 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veevers, J. E., & Mitchell, B. A. (1998). Intergenerational exchanges and perceptions of support within “boomerang kid” family environments. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 46(2), 91–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Banu Yılmaz.

Additional information

This article is based on a part of Master’s Thesis of Gözde Gökçe.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gökçe, G., Yılmaz, B. Emotional Availability of Parents and Psychological Health: What Does Mediate This Relationship?. J Adult Dev 25, 37–47 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-017-9273-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-017-9273-x

Keywords

Navigation