Abstract
Guided by Pals’ (in: McStay (ed) Identity and story: Creating self in narrative, American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 2006) model of self-making through a narrative lens in the context of adversity, this study investigated not only the difficulties but also the personal growth that parents have experienced while participating in the interventions with their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in mainland China. Based on interviews with 16 purposively sampled parents, thematic analysis revealed themes concerning the parents’ acknowledgment of stressful events and their emotional reactions, meanings of their experiences constructed through causal connections, and outcomes of their perceived improvement in self-understanding, parent–child relationships, and philosophies on life. Largely consistent with this theoretical model, such findings highlight the uniqueness of the personal growth process of parents of children with ASD in China’s sociocultural context.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baker-Ericzén, M., Brookman-Frazee, L., & Stahmer, A. (2005). Stress levels and adaptability in parents of toddlers with and without autism spectrum disorders. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 30(4), 194–204.
Bonis, S. A., & Sawin, K. J. (2016). Risks and protective factors for stress self-management in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: An integrated review of the literature. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31(6), 567–579.
Campbell, J., Quincy, C., Osserman, J., & Pedersen, O. (2013). Coding in-depth semistructured interviews: Problems of unitization and intercoder reliability and agreement. Sociological Methods & Research, 42(3), 294–320.
Casey, L. B., Zanksas, S., Meindl, J. N., Parra, G. R., Cogdal, P., & Powell, K. (2012). Parental symptoms of posttraumatic stress following a child’s diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(3), 1186–1193.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Huang, J. P., Cui, S. S., Han, Y., Irva, H. P., Qi, L. H., & Zhang, X. (2014). Prevalence and early signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among 18–36 month old children in Tianjin of China. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 27(6), 453–461.
Holroyd, E. (2003). Chinese cultural influences on parental caregiving obligations toward children with disabilities. Qualitative Health Research, 13(1), 4–19.
King, G., Baxter, D., Rosenbaum, P., Zwaigenbaum, L., & Bates, A. (2009). Belief systems of families of children with autism spectrum disorders or Down syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 24(1), 50–64.
Lam, C. M. (2005). Chinese construction of adolescent development outcome: Themes discerned in a qualitative study. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 22(2), 111–131.
McAdams, D. P. (2006). The role of narrative in personality psychology today. Narrative Inquiry, 16(1), 11–18.
McCabe, H. (2013). Bamboo shoots after the rain: Development and challenges of autism intervention in China. Autism, 17(5), 510–526.
McCabe, H. (2008). The importance of parent-to-parent support among families of children with autism in the People’s Republic of China. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 55(4), 303–314.
McStay, R., Trembath, L., & Dissanayake, D. (2014). Stress and family quality of life in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: Parent gender and the double ABCX model. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 3101–3118.
Municipal Statistics Bureau of Qingdao (2018). The statistical report of the four-quarters income and expense of urban residents in Qingdao 2018. Retrieved Nov 19, 2018 from https://qdtj.qingdao.gov.cn/n28356045/n32561056/n32561069/n32561130/n32562269/190211111828792356.html.
Pals, J. L. (2006). Constructing the “Springboard Effect”: Causal connections, self-making, and growth within the life story. In R. McStay, L. Trembath, & D. Dissanayake (Eds.), Identity and story: Creating self in narrative (pp. 175–199). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Phelps, K. W., McCammon, S. L., Wuensch, K. L., & Golden, J. A. (2009). Enrichment, stress, and growth from parenting an individual with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 34(2), 133–141.
Riessman, C. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Russell, G., & Norwich, B. (2012). Dilemmas, diagnosis and de-stigmatization: Parental perspectives on the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(2), 229–245.
Sun, Y. (2016). An investigation of maternal lived experience in raising a child with autism spectrum disorder in China. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(7–8), 811.
Sun, X., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Matthews, F., Baron-Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2013). Service provision for autism in mainland China: Preliminary mapping of service pathways. Social Science & Medicine, 98, 87–94.
Sun, X., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Zhang, Z., Matthews, F. E., Baron-Cohen, S., et al. (2015). Validation of existing diagnosis of autism in mainland China using standardised diagnostic instruments. Autism, 19(8), 1010–1017.
Tao, K. (1987). Infantile autism in China. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17(2), 289–296.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18.
To, S. M., So, Y. Y., & Kwok, C. M. (2018). Meaning-making of motherhood among rural-to-urban migrant Chinese mothers of left-behind children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(10), 3358–3370.
Wachtel, K., & Carter, A. S. (2008). Reaction to diagnosis and parenting styles among mothers of young children with ASDs. Autism, 12(5), 575–594.
Waizbard-Bartov, E., Yehonatan-Schori, M., & Golan, O. (2019). Personal growth experiences of parents to children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(4), 1330–1341.
Wang, P., Michaels, C., & Day, A. (2011). Stresses and coping strategies of Chinese families with children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(6), 783–795.
Yorke, I., White, P., Weston, A., Rafla, M., Charman, T., & Simonoff, E. (2018). The association between emotional and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder and psychological distress in their parents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(10), 3393–3415.
Zhao, M., & Fu, W. (2020). The resilience of parents who have children with autism spectrum disorder in China: A social culture perspective. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2020.1747761.
Zhang, W., Yan, T. T., Barriball, K. L., While, A. E., & Liu, X. H. (2015). Post-traumatic growth in mothers of children with autism: A phenomenological study. Autism, 19(1), 29–37.
Acknowledgments
The data were gathered during 2016–2017 as part of a doctoral thesis on family experiences in the early intervention process of children diagnosed with ASD in Qingdao, China. We are grateful to all participants for openly sharing their personal experiences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
XL designed and executed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. ST co-work with the first author on formulating the research framework, and write part of the results.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethics Approval
The Survey and Behavioral Research Ethics Committee at the Chinese University of Hong Kong approved the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or the national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Xy., To, Sm. Personal Growth Experience among Parents of Children with Autism Participating in Intervention. J Autism Dev Disord 51, 1883–1893 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04681-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04681-3