Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Siblings of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Theoretical Perspectives on Sibling Relationships and Individual Adjustment

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A burgeoning research literature investigates the sibling relationships of youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their implications for individual adjustment. Focusing on four relationship domains—behaviors, emotions, cognitions and involvement—and toward advancing this generally atheoretical literature, we review and apply tenets from a range of theoretical perspectives in an effort to illuminate the mechanisms underlying sibling relationship experiences and their adjustment implications. Our review suggests new directions for research to test theoretically-grounded hypotheses about how sibling relationships develop and are linked to individual adjustment. In addition, we consider how identifying underlying bio-psycho-social processes can aid in the development of interventions to promote warm and involved sibling relationships and positive youth development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173–221). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansbacher, H. L., & Ansbacher, R. R. (Eds.). (1956). The individual psychology of Alfred Adler. Oxford: Basic Books Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bågenholm, A., & Gillberg, C. (1991). Psychosocial effects on siblings of children with autism and mental retardation: A population-based study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 35(4), 291–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barak-Levy, Y., Goldstein, E., & Weinstock, M. (2010). Adjustment characteristics of healthy siblings of children with autism. Journal of Family Studies, 16(2), 155–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, P. R., & Karlof, K. L. (2008). Child, parent, and family predictors of latter adjustment in siblings of children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(4), 583–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berndt, T. J., & Bulleit, T. N. (1985). Effects of sibling relationships on preschoolers’ behavior at home and at school. Developmental Psychology, 21(5), 761–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierman, K. L. (2004). Peer rejection: Developmental processes and intervention strategies. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, C. A., Boulet, S., Schieve, L. A., Cohen, R. A., Blumberg, S. J., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., & Kogan, M. D. (2011). Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children 1997–2008. Pediatrics, 127, 1034–1042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewton, C. M., Nowell, K. P., Lasala, M. W., & Goin-Kochel, R. P. (2012). Relationship between the social functioning of children with autism spectrum disorders and their siblings’ competencies/problem behaviors. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(2), 646–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. American Psychologist, 34(10), 844–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Brook, D. W., & Gordon, A. S. (1991). Sibling influences on adolescent drug use: Older brothers on younger brothers. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(6), 958–966.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, B. M., & Dishion, T. J. (2002). Sibling collusion and problem behavior in early adolescence: Toward a process model for family mutuality. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(2), 143–153.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celiberti, D. A., & Harris, S. L. (1993). Behavioral intervention for siblings of children with autism: A focus on skills to enhance play. Behavior Therapy, 24(4), 573–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S., & Coleman, J. S. (1994). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conger, K. J., & Conger, R. D. (1994). Differential parenting and change in sibling differences in delinquency. Journal of Family Psychology, 8(3), 287–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1996). Emotional security as a regulatory process in normal development and the development of psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 123–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, M. L., Anderson, L., Wright, C. A., & Dunn, M. L. (2014). Sibling relationships of children with autism spectrum disorder in the context of everyday life and a strength-based program. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(4), 1060–1072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, D. B. (2001). Number of siblings and intellectual development: The resource dilution explanation. American Psychologist, 56, 497–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. (2007). Siblings and socialization. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 309–327). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., & Barber, B. L. (1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band what kind of extracurricular involvement matters? Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 10–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. S., & Wigfield, A. (2002). Motivational beliefs, values, and goals. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 109–132.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, M. E., Sakuma, K. L., Hostetler, M., & McHale, S. M. (2013). Enhancing sibling relationships to prevent adolescent problem behaviors: Theory, design and feasibility of Siblings Are Special. Evaluation and Program Planning, 36(1), 97–106.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraioli, S. J., Hansford, A., & Harris, S. L. (2012). Benefits of including siblings in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19, 413–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraioli, S. J., & Harris, S. L. (2010). The impact of autism on siblings. Social Work in Mental Health, 8(1), 41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasberg, B. A. (2000). The development of siblings’ understanding of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(2), 143–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M. T., & Kusché, C. A. (1993). Promoting social and emotional development in deaf children: The PATHS project. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, K. M., Lam, C. B., & McHale, S. M. (2013). Familism moderates associations between youth housework participation and adjustment. Poster presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Seattle, WA.

  • Hastings, R. P. (2003). Behavioral adjustment of siblings of children with autism engaged in applied behavior analysis early intervention programs: The moderating role of social support. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(2), 141–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, R. P. (2007). Longitudinal relationships between sibling behavioral adjustment and behavior problems of children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(8), 1485–1492.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1994). Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships. Psychological Inquiry, 5(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, C. S., Sheffield Morris, A., & Harrist, A. W. (2015). Family resilience: Moving into the third wave. Family Relations, 64(1), 22–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodapp, R. M., Glidden, L. M., & Kaiser, A. P. (2005). Siblings of persons with disabilities: Toward a research agenda. Mental Retardation, 43(5), 334–338.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodapp, R. M., & Urbano, R. C. (2007). Adult siblings of individuals with Down syndrome versus with autism: Findings from a large-scale US survey. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(12), 1018–1029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, N., & Recchia, H. (2014). Sibling relationships as a context for learning and development. Early Education and Development, 25(2), 155–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminsky, L., & Dewey, D. (2001). Sibling relationships of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(4), 399–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminsky, L., & Dewey, D. (2002). Psychosocial adjustment in siblings of children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(2), 225–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1997). Parent management training: Evidence, outcomes, and issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10), 1349–1356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, D. E., & Kramer, L. (2008). Improving emotion regulation and sibling relationship quality: The more fun with sisters and brothers program. Family Relations, 57, 567–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. Y., McHale, S. M., Osgood, D. W., & Crouter, A. C. (2006). Longitudinal course and family correlates of sibling relationships from childhood through adolescence. Child Development, 77(6), 1746–1761.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knott, F., Lewis, C., & Williams, T. (2007). Sibling interaction of children with autism: Development over 12 months. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1987–1995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowal, A., & Kramer, L. (1997). Children’s understanding of parental differential treatment. Child Development, 68(1), 113–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, M. Y., Cairney, J., Hay, J. A., & Faught, B. E. (2013). Understanding physical activity and motivations for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: An investigation using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34(11), 3691–3698.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, C. B., Solmeyer, A. R., & McHale, S. M. (2012). Sibling relationships and empathy across the transition to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(12), 1657–1670.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. W., & Verma, S. (1999). How children and adolescents spend time across the world: Work, play, and developmental opportunities. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 701–736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1951). Problems of research in social psychology. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Field theory in social science (pp. 155–169). New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Macks, R. J., & Reeve, R. E. (2007). The adjustment of non-disabled siblings of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(6), 1060–1067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, C. R, Jr, & Forgatch, M. S. (2001). Preventing problems with boys’ noncompliance: Effects of a parent training intervention for divorcing mothers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(3), 416–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mascha, K., & Boucher, J. (2006). Preliminary investigation of a qualitative method of examining siblings’ experiences of living with a child with ASD. The British Journal of Development Disabilities, 52(102), 19–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHale, S. M., & Pawletko, T. M. (1992). Differential treatment of siblings in two family contexts. Child Development, 63(1), 68–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHale, S. M., Sloan, J., & Simeonsson, R. J. (1986). Sibling relationships or children with autistic, mentally retarded, and nonhandicapped brothers and sisters. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 16(4), 399–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., Tucker, C. J., & Crouter, A. C. (2000). Step in or stay out? Parents’ roles in adolescent siblings’ relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 746–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHale, S. M., Updegraff, K. A., & Whiteman, S. D. (2012). Sibling relationships and influences in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74(5), 913–930.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meadan, H., Stoner, J. B., & Angell, M. E. (2010). Review of literature related to the social, emotional, and behavioral adjustment of siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22(1), 83–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D., & Vadasy, P. (2008). Sibshops: Workshops for siblings of children with special needs (revised edition). Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brooks.

  • Milačić-Vidojević, I., Gligorović, M., & Dragojević, N. (2014). Tendency towards stigmatization of families of a person with autistic spectrum disorders. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60(1), 63–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M. J., & Machlev, M. (2011). Effects of parenting style and involvement in sibling conflict on adolescent sibling relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(8), 1130–1148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, S. B. (1988). The autistic child and family functioning: A developmental-family systems perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(2), 263–280.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, C. L., & Cummings, E. M. (1999). Sibling disability and children’s reactivity to conflicts involving family members. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(2), 274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orsmond, G. I., & Kuo, H. Y. (2011). The daily lives of adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder Discretionary time use and activity partners. Autism, 15(5), 579–599.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orsmond, G. I., Kuo, H. Y., & Seltzer, M. M. (2009). Siblings of individuals with an autism spectrum disorder Sibling relationships and wellbeing in adolescence and adulthood. Autism, 13(1), 59–80.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orsmond, G. I., & Seltzer, M. M. (2007a). Siblings of individuals with autism or Down syndrome: Effects on adult lives. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 51(9), 682–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orsmond, G. I., & Seltzer, M. M. (2007b). Siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders across the life course. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13(4), 313–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orsmond, G. I., & Seltzer, M. M. (2009). Adolescent siblings of individuals with an autism spectrum disorder: Testing a diathesis-stress model of sibling well-being. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(7), 1053–1065.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R. (1984). Siblings: Fellow travelers in coercive family processes. In R. J. Blanchard & D. C. Blanchard (Eds.), Advances in the study of aggression (Vol. 1, pp. 173–215). Cambridge, MA: Elsevier Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 349–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perlman, M., & Ross, H. S. (1997). Who’s the boss? Parents’ failed attempts to influence the outcomes of conflicts between their children. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(4), 463–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petalas, M. A., Hastings, R. P., Nash, S., Hall, L. M., Joannidi, H., & Dowey, A. (2012). Psychological adjustment and sibling relationships in siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders: Environmental stressors and the broad autism phenotype. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 546–555.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilowsky, T., Yirmiya, N., Doppelt, O., Gross-Tsur, V., & Shalev, R. S. (2004). Social and emotional adjustment of siblings of children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), 855–865.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, C. A., McNamara-Barry, C., Freedman, B. H., & Kotchick, B. A. (2013). Relationship quality as a moderator of anxiety in siblings of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders or Down syndrome. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(5), 647–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reagon, K. A., Higbee, T. S., & Endicott, K. (2006). Teaching pretend play skills to a student with autism using video modeling with a sibling as model and play partner. Education and Treatment of Children, 29(3), 517–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, J. W., & Stoneman, Z. (2003). Sibling relationships when a child has autism: Marital stress and support coping. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(4), 383–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, J. W., & Stoneman, Z. (2008). Child temperaments, differential parenting, and the sibling relationships of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(9), 1740–1750.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, H. S., & Lazinski, M. J. (2014). Parent mediation empowers sibling conflict resolution. Early Education and Development, 25(2), 259–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saxena, M., & Adamsons, K. (2013). Siblings of individuals with disabilities: Reframing the literature through a bioecological lens. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5, 300–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, F. F., & Stone, R. K. (Eds.). (1987). Practical concerns about siblings: Bridging the research-practice gap. New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreibman, L., O’Neill, R. E., & Koegel, R. L. (1983). Behavioral training for siblings of autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16(2), 129–138.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shanahan, L., McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., & Osgood, D. W. (2007). Warmth with mothers and fathers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Within-and between-families comparisons. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 551–563.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shivers, C. M., Deisenroth, L. K., & Taylor, J. L. (2013). Patterns and predictors of anxiety among siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(6), 1336–1346.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shivers, C. M., & Plavnick, J. B. (2015). Sibling involvement in interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(3), 685–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sikora, D., Moran, E., Orlich, F., Hall, T. A., Kovacs, E. A., Delahaye, J., & Kuhlthau, K. (2013). The relationship between family functioning and behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(2), 307–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L., & Elder, J. (2010). Siblings and family environments of persons with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 189–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoneman, Z. (2005). Siblings of children with disabilities: Research themes. Mental Retardation, 43(5), 339–350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (1981). Behind closed doors: Violence in the American family. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suls, J., Martin, R., & Wheeler, L. (2002). Social comparison: Why, with whom, and with what effect? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 159–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, K., Uchiyama, T., & Endo, F. (2011). Informing children about their sibling’s diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: An initial investigation into current practices. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(4), 1421–1429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tesser, A. (1980). Self-esteem maintenance in family dynamics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(1), 77–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teti, D. M., & Ablard, K. E. (1989). Security of attachment and infant-sibling relationships: A laboratory study. Child Development, 60(6), 1519–1528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thibaut, J., & Kelley, H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. Oxford: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsao, L. L., Davenport, R., & Schmiege, C. (2012). Supporting siblings of children with autism spectrum disorders. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40(1), 47–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tudor, M. E., & Lerner, M. D. (2015). Intervention and support for siblings of youth with developmental disabilities: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 18(1), 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Updegraff, K. A., McHale, S. M., Killoren, S. E., & Rodriguez, S. A. (2011). Cultural variations in sibling relationships. In J. Caspi (Ed.), Sibling development: Implications for mental health practitioners (pp. 83–106). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verté, S., Roeyers, H., & Buysse, A. (2003). Behavioural problems, social competence and self-concept in siblings of children with autism. Child: Care, Health and Development, 29(3), 193–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voorpostel, M., & Van Der Lippe, T. (2007). Support between siblings and between friends: Two worlds apart? Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(5), 1271–1282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walster, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity, theory and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisner, T. S. (2002). Ecocultural understanding of children’s developmental pathways. Human Development, 45(4), 275–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteman, S. D., McHale, S. M., & Crouter, A. C. (2007). Explaining sibling similarities: Perceptions of sibling influences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(7), 963–972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Support for this work was provided a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD32336) to Susan M. McHale, Ann C. Crouter, Kimberly A. Updegraff, and Adrianna Umana-Taylor, Co-Principal Investigators.

Author Contributions

SM, KU and MF jointly conceived the paper, SM and KU conducted the literature review, SM developed an initial draft, KU (ecology) and MF (intervention) incorporated insights from their areas of expertise. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 114 Henderson, University Park, PA, 16801, USA

    Susan M. McHale

  2. T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Box 3701, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA

    Kimberly A. Updegraff

  3. College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 314 Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA, USA

    Mark E. Feinberg

Authors
  1. Susan M. McHale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kimberly A. Updegraff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mark E. Feinberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Susan M. McHale.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

McHale, S.M., Updegraff, K.A. & Feinberg, M.E. Siblings of Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Theoretical Perspectives on Sibling Relationships and Individual Adjustment. J Autism Dev Disord 46, 589–602 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2611-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2611-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation