Abstract
Differences in sexual functioning of adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are understudied. In the current study, self-reported sexual behaviours, interests and attitudes of 50 adolescent boys, aged 15–18, with at least average intelligence and diagnosed with ASD, were compared with a matched general population control group of 90 boys. Results demonstrated substantial similarity between the groups in terms of sexual behaviours. The only significant difference was that boys with ASD reacted more tolerant towards homosexuality compared to the control group. Results reveal that sexuality is a normative part of adolescent development in high-functioning boys with ASD. Hence, attention should be given to this topic in education and mental health care.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1988). An assessment of violence in a young man with Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 29, 351–360.
Bastiaansen, J. A., Meffert, H., Hein, S., Huizinga, P., Ketelaars, C., Pijnenborg, M., et al. (2011). Diagnosing autism spectrum disorders in adults: The use of Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) module 4. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(9), 1256–1266.
Bertilsdotter Rosqvist, H. (2013). Becoming an “autistic couple”: Narratives of sexuality and couplehood within the Swedish autistic self-advocacy movement. Sexuality & Disability. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s11195-013-9336-2.
Bleil Walters, J., Hughes, T. L., Sutton, L. R., Marshall, S. N., Crothers, L. M., Lehman, C., et al. (2013). Maltreatment and depression in adolescent sexual offenders with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(1), 72–89.
Bogaert, A. F. (1996). Volunteer bias in human sexuality research: Evidence for both sexuality and personality differences in males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(2), 125–140.
Braun-Courville, D. K., & Rojas, M. (2009). Exposure to sexually explicit web sites and adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(2), 156–162.
Byers, E. S., Nichols, S., & Voyer, S. D. (2013). Challenging stereotypes: Sexual functioning of single adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 2617–2627.
Byers, E. S., Nichols, S., Voyer, S. D., & Reilly, G. (2012). Sexual well-being of a community sample of high-functioning adults on the autism spectrum who have been in a romantic relationship. Autism, 17(4), 418–433.
Chan, L. G., & Saluja, B. (2011). Sexual offending and improvement in autistic characteristics after acquired brain injury: A case report. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45, 902–903.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cooper, S., Mohamed, W. N., & Collacott, R. A. (1993). Possible Asperger’s syndrome in a mentally handicapped transvestite offender. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 37, 189–194.
de Graaf, H., Kruijer, H., Van Acker, J., & Meijer, S. (2012). Seks onder je 25e: Seksuele gezondheid van jongeren in Nederland anno 2012 [Sex under the age of 25: Sexual health among youth in the Netherlands in 2012]. Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon.
de Vries, A. L., Noens, I. L., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A., & Doreleijers, T. A. (2010). Autism spectrum disorders in gender dysphoric children and adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8), 930–936.
Dewinter, J., Vermeiren, R., Vanwesenbeeck, I., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2013). Autism and normative sexual development: A narrative review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22, 3467–3483.
Diamond, L. M., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2009). Adolescent sexuality. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology, volume 1: Individual bases of adolescent development (3rd ed.), (pp. 479–523). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Dunne, M. P., Martin, N. G., Bailey, J. M., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A., et al. (1997). Participation bias in a sexuality survey: Psychological and behavioural characteristics of responders and non-responders. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(4), 844–854.
Flory, K., Molina, B. S. G., Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E., & Smith, B. (2006). Childhood ADHD predicts risky sexual behavior in young adulthood. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35(4), 571–577.
Fortenberry, J. D. (2013). Puberty and adolescent sexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 64(2), 280–287.
Gabriels, R. L., & Van Bourgondien, M. E. (2007). Sexuality and autism: Individual, family, and community perspectives and interventions. In R. L. Gabriels & D. E. Hill (Eds.), Growing up with autism: Working with school-age children and adolescents (pp. 58–72). London, UK: The Guilford Press.
Gilmour, L., Schalomon, P. M., & Smith, V. (2012). Sexuality in a community based sample of adults with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 313–318.
Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 613–627.
Griffin-Shelley, E. (2010). An Asperger’s adolescent sex addict, sex offender: A case study. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 17, 46–64.
Haracopos, D., & Pedersen, L. (1992). Sexuality and autism: The Danish report. Unpublished manuscript. http://www.autismuk.com/?page_id=1293. Accessed October 22, 2012.
Hellemans, H., Colson, K., Verbraeken, C., Vermeiren, R., & Deboutte, D. (2007). Sexual behavior in high-functioning male adolescents and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(2), 260–269.
Hénault, I., & Attwood, T. (2006). The sexual profile of adults with Asperger’s syndrome: The need for support and intervention. In I. Hénault (Ed.), Asperger’s syndrome and sexuality: From adolescence through adulthood (pp. 183–192). London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Jaccard, J., Dittus, P. J., & Gordon, V. V. (1998). Parent-adolescent congruency in reports of adolescent sexual behavior and in communications about sexual behavior. Child Development, 69(1), 247–261.
Kohn, Y., Tarek, F., Ratzoni, G., & Apter, A. (1998). Aggression and sexual offense in Asperger’s syndrome. The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 35, 293–299.
Koller, R. (2000). Sexuality and adolescents with autism. Sexuality and Disability, 18, 125–135.
Levy, S., Mandell, D., & Schultz, R. (2009). Autism. The Lancet, 374(9701), 1627–1638.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., Dilavore, P. C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Mandell, D. S., Walrath, C. M., Manteuffel, B., Sgro, G., & Pinto-Martin, J. A. (2005). The prevalence and correlates of abuse among children with autism served in comprehensive community-based mental health settings. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29(12), 1359–1372.
Mazurek, M. O., Shattuck, P. T., Wagner, M., & Cooper, B. P. (2012). Prevalence and correlates of screen-based media use among youths with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1757–1767.
Mehtar, M., & Mukaddes, N. M. (2011). Posttraumatic stress disorder in individuals with diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 539–546.
Milton, J., Duggan, C., Latham, A., Egan, V., & Tantam, D. (2002). Case history of co-morbid Asperger’s syndrome and paraphilic behaviour. Medicine, Science and Law, 42, 237–244.
Mollborn, S., & Everett, B. (2010). Correlates and consequences of parent-teen incongruence in reports of teens’ sexual experience. Journal of Sex Research, 47(4), 314–329.
Moore, S., & Rosenthal, D. (2006). Sexuality in adolescence: Current trends. Hove, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Murrie, D. C., Warren, J. I., Kristiansson, M., & Dietz, P. E. (2002). Asperger’s syndrome in forensic settings. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 1, 59–70.
Ousley, O. Y., & Mesibov, G. B. (1991). Sexual attitudes and knowledge of high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 21(4), 471–481.
Ray, F., Marks, C., & Bray-Garretson, H. (2004). Challenges to treating adolescents with Asperger’s syndrome who are sexually abusive. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 11, 265–285.
Rutter, M., Le Couteur, A., & Lord, C. (2003). Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Seto, M. C., Kjellgren, C., Priebe, G., Mossige, S., Svedin, C. G., & Långström, N. (2010). Sexual coercion experience and sexually coercive behavior: A population study of Swedish and Norwegian male youth. Child Maltreatment, 15, 219–228.
Silva, J. A., Ferrari, M. M., & Leong, G. B. (2002). The case of Jeffrey Dahmer: Sexual serial homicide from a neuropsychiatric developmental perspective. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 47, 1347–1359.
Smith, L. H., Guthrie, B. J., & Oakley, D. J. (2005). Studying adolescent male sexuality: Where are we? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(4), 361–377.
Stokes, M., & Kaur, A. (2005). High-functioning autism and sexuality: A parental perspective. Autism, 9(3), 266–289.
Stokes, M., Newton, N., & Kaur, A. (2007). Stalking, and social and romantic functioning among adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1969–1986.
Strassberg, D. S., & Lowe, K. (1995). Volunteer bias in sexuality research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24(4), 369–382.
‘t Hart-Kerkhoffs, L. A., Jansen, L. M., Doreleijers, T. A., Vermeiren, R., Minderaa, R. B., & Hartman, C. A. (2009). Autism spectrum disorder symptoms in juvenile suspects of sex offenses. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(2), 266–272.
Tolman, D. L., & McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative sexuality development in adolescence: A decade in review, 2000–2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(1), 242–255.
Tolman, D. L., Striepe, M. I., & Harmon, T. (2010). Gender matters: Constructing a model of adolescent sexual health. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 37–41.
Torisky, D., & Torisky, C. (1985). Sex education and sexual awareness building for autistic children and youth: Some viewpoints and considerations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15(2), 213–227.
Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–883.
Acknowledgments
We are most grateful to all boys and their parents who participated in this study. The authors also would like to thank Hanneke De Graaf, Rutgers WPF, for sharing the SO25II questionnaire and data. Also thanks to Karin Brouwers and colleagues at Koninklijke Kentalis, Eindhoven; Liesbeth Van Vught and colleagues at Pleinschool Helder, Eindhoven; Jan Wijnja and colleagues at VSO De Korenaer, Eindhoven; Karien de Jonge and colleagues at Herlaarhof, Vught; Sussiel Brands at Leo Kannerhuis Brabant, Tilburg; Sanne Herpers and MJ Verhappen at GGzOostbrabant and our colleagues at UKJA, Antwerpen and GGzE. No grants or support were received for this work. This research project was part of the requirements to fulfil the postacademic specialist training in Clinical Psychology at Rino Zuid, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dewinter, J., Vermeiren, R., Vanwesenbeeck, I. et al. Sexuality in Adolescent Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Self-reported Behaviours and Attitudes. J Autism Dev Disord 45, 731–741 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2226-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2226-3