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Paternal Activation as a Protective Factor against Problem Behaviors in Early Childhood

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Abstract

Activation parenting includes behaviors that challenge children to approach novel situations, explore their environments, and take physical and socioemotional risks through a balance of encouragement and limit-setting. Although components of activation parenting have been linked to lower levels of children’s problem behaviors, comprehensive measures of activation parenting and longitudinal research on families from low socioeconomic backgrounds are lacking. The goal of the present study was to test associations between paternal activation parenting at age 3 and children’s externalizing and internalizing problems at age 5 in a sample of low-income, ethnically diverse fathers. Participating fathers (N = 171; 9% Black, 47% white, 8% Latinx; mean household income = $25,145) and their children (51% female) were drawn from the Early Steps Multisite Study. Activation parenting during a teaching task at child age 3 was associated with lower levels of internalizing problems at age 5 and decreases in externalizing problems from baseline (age 2). Implications of the current findings are presented for future research on associations between activation parenting and child problem behaviors, including the potential for the development of prevention and intervention programs.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, JSF, upon reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by DA016110 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA; PIs: Shaw and Wilson) and F31HD106773 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD; PI: Feldman). We also would like to extend our thanks to staff of the Early Steps Multisite Study and the families who have participated in the project over the past two decades.

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Julia S. Feldman, Melvin N. Wilson & Daniel S. Shaw

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Melvin N. Wilson

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Correspondence to Julia S. Feldman.

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Feldman, J.S., Wilson, M.N. & Shaw, D.S. Paternal Activation as a Protective Factor against Problem Behaviors in Early Childhood. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-024-01179-9

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