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Discordance Indices of Stress Sensitivity and Trajectories of Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence

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Abstract

Psychiatric illness in adolescence is associated with long-term impairments, making it critical to identify predictors of adolescent psychiatric distress. Individual differences in stress sensitivity could be associated with longitudinal trajectories of internalizing symptoms. Historically, researchers have operationalized stress sensitivity by assessing either objective or subjective responses to stress. However, we posit that the relative discordance between subjective and objective responses to stress is a critical metric of stress sensitivity. We examined whether two discordance-based indices of stress sensitivity were related to one another and to trajectories of internalizing psychopathology among a sample of 101 adolescent youths (Mage = 12.80 at baseline; 55% males) across two successive stressors: the high school transition and the COVID-19 pandemic. Using latent growth curve modeling, we found that greater discordance between subjective (i.e., affective) and objective (i.e., cortisol) responses to a social-evaluative stressor was associated with higher internalizing symptoms at baseline and an accelerated symptom growth trajectory across the first year of the pandemic. In contrast, early life stress sensitivity was not associated with internalizing symptoms. Findings suggest that the discordance between objective and subjective experiences of social-evaluative stress predicts a pernicious growth trajectory of internalizing symptoms during adolescence. This work advances current methodologies, contributes to theoretical models of internalizing psychopathology, and with replication could have implications for policy and practice by identifying a key vulnerability factor that increases adolescents’ psychiatric distress over time.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Notes

  1. The main analyses were repeated after replacing latent factor scores with summed standardized symptom scores. An identical pattern of findings emerged: social-evaluative stress sensitivity was associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms at baseline, and with a nonlinear symptom trajectory with an initial downward trend and greater quadratic growth in symptoms over time (ps ≤ 0.05). Early life stress sensitivity was not associated significantly either with symptoms at baseline or with longitudinal symptom trajectories.

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Funding

This research was supported by a Vanier Canada Graduate Fellowship to EJ; a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Trainee Award, a Killam Postdoctoral Fellowship, a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) Postdoctoral Fellowship, and a Women’s Health Research Institute Postdoctoral Award to KR; a SSHRC Doctoral Fellowship to AT; and Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) Grant F17-03749 and Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Scholar Award 17713 to JL. Beyond this funding, my co-authors and I do not have any interests that influence the research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    Ellen Jopling, Katerina Rnic, Taylyn Jameson, Alison Tracy & Joelle LeMoult

  2. Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada

    Ellen Jopling

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  5. Joelle LeMoult
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Contributions

Ellen Jopling and Joelle LeMoult were involved in the study’ conception and design. All authors contributed to data collection and preparation. Formal analysis was performed by Ellen Jopling and Katerina Rnic. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ellen Jopling and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Joelle LeMoult supervised the work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ellen Jopling.

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This study was approved by The University of British Columbia’s (UBC) Behavioural Research Ethics Board (BREB: #H17-01901) and is in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

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Informed consent was obtained from legal guardians, and informed assent was obtained from all youth.

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The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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Jopling, E., Rnic, K., Jameson, T. et al. Discordance Indices of Stress Sensitivity and Trajectories of Internalizing Symptoms in Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 51, 1521–1533 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01095-4

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