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Polygenic Effects on Individual Rule Breaking, Peer Rule Breaking, and Alcohol Sips Across Early Adolescence in the ABCD Study

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Abstract

Alcohol use emerges during early adolescence and is strongly associated with individual and peer risky, delinquent, and rule breaking behaviors. Genetic predisposition for risky behavior contributes to individual rule breaking in adolescence and can also evoke peer rule breaking or lead youth to select into delinquent peer groups via gene-environment correlations (rGE), collectively increasing risk for alcohol use. Little research has examined whether genetic predisposition for risky behavior contributes to individual and peer rule breaking behavior in developmental pathways to alcohol use in early adolescence or in large diverse racial/ethnic populations. To address this, polygenic scores for risky behavior were considered predictors of individual rule breaking, peer rule breaking, and alcohol sips using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study at age 11–12 and 12–13 in a cross-time cross-lagged model. This was examined separately in European American (EA; n = 5113; 47% female), African American (AA; n = 1159; 50% female), and Hispanic/Latinx (Latinx; n = 1624; 48% female) subgroups accounting for sociodemographic covariates and genetic ancestry principal components. Polygenic scores were positively associated with all constructs in EAs, with individual rule breaking at age 11–12 in AAs and Latinx, and with alcohol sips at age 11–12 in Latinx. Individual and peer rule breaking were associated with one another across time only in the EA subgroup. In all subgroups, peer rule breaking at 12–13 was associated with alcohol sips at 12–13. Results indicate that alcohol sips in early adolescence are associated with individual and peer rule breaking with rGE implicated in EAs.

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Data Availability

All data analyzed in the current study are available from the National Institutes of Mental Health Data Archive (https://nda.nih.gov/).

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Acknowledgements

Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) Study (https://abcdstudy.org), held in the NIMH Data Archive (NDA). This is a multisite, longitudinal study designed to recruit more than 10,000 children age 9–10 and follow them over 10 years into early adulthood. The ABCD Study® is supported by the National Institutes of Health and additional federal partners under award numbers U01DA041048, U01DA050989, U01DA051016, U01DA041022, U01DA051018, U01DA051037, U01DA050987, U01DA041174, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041028, U01DA041134, U01DA050988, U01DA051039, U01DA041156, U01DA041025, U01DA041120, U01DA051038, U01DA041148, U01DA041093, U01DA041089, U24DA041123, U24DA041147. A full list of supporters is available at https://abcdstudy.org/federal-partners.html. A listing of participating sites and a complete listing of the study investigators can be found at https://abcdstudy.org/consortium_members/. ABCD consortium investigators designed and implemented the study and/or provided data but did not necessarily participate in the analysis or writing of this report. This manuscript reflects the views of the authors and may not reflect the opinions or views of the NIH or ABCD consortium investigators. The ABCD data repository grows and changes over time. The ABCD data used in this report came from ABCD Data Release 4.0 (https://doi.org/10.15154/1523041).

Funding

This research was supported by grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institutes of Health: Office of the Director, and Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (K01DA042828 to KE).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University, 1025 E. 7th St., Suite 116, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA

    Kit K. Elam, Jodi Kutzner & Dong-Chul Seo

  2. Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

    Jinni Su & Angel Trevino

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, USA

    Fazil Aliev

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  1. Kit K. Elam
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Contributions

KE conceived the current study and participated in its design, coordination, data analysis and drafting the manuscript; JS participated in study design and drafting the manuscript; FA participated in data analysis and drafting the manuscript; DS, AT, and JK participated in drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kit K. Elam.

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The authors report no conflicts of interest. Dr. Kit Elam is an Editorial Board member of Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology.

Ethical Approval

The Indiana University Institutional Review Board approved the current study. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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As part of the ABCD study, parents provided consent for their participation and written informed consent for youth participants and youths provided assent.

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Elam, K.K., Su, J., Aliev, F. et al. Polygenic Effects on Individual Rule Breaking, Peer Rule Breaking, and Alcohol Sips Across Early Adolescence in the ABCD Study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 51, 1425–1438 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01090-9

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