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Association Between Early Developmental Milestones and Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Abstract

Early diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been shown to lead to better prognosis. Here, we examined the association of commonly measured early developmental milestones (DMs) with later diagnosis of ASD. We conducted a case-control study of 280 children with ASD (cases) and 560 typically developed children (controls) matched to cases by date of birth, sex, and ethnicity in a control/case ratio of 2:1. Both cases and controls were ascertained from all children whose development was monitored at mother-child health clinics (MCHCs) in southern Israel. DM failure rates during the first 18 months of life in three developmental categories (motor, social, and verbal) were compared between cases and controls. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the independent association of specific DMs with the risk of ASD, while adjusting for demographic and birth characteristics.

Significant case-control differences in DM failure rates were observed as early as 3 months of age (p < 0.001), and these differences increased with age. Specifically, cases were 2.4 times more likely to fail ≥ 1 DM at 3 months (aOR = 2.39; 95%CI = 1.41–4.06), and 15.3 times more likely to fail ≥ 3 DMs at 18 months (aOR = 15.32; 95%CI = 7.75–30.28). The most notable DM-ASD association was observed for social DM failure at 9–12 months (aOR = 4.59; 95%CI = 2.59–8.13). Importantly, the sex or ethnicity of the participants did not affect these DM-ASD associations. Our findings highlight the potential role of DMs as early signs of ASD that could facilitate earlier referral and diagnosis of ASD.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank to Mrs. Inez Mureinik for critical reviewing and editing of the manuscript.

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  1. Einav Alhozyel and Leena Elbedour authors contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

    Einav Alhozyel, Leena Elbedour, Rewaa Balaum & Idan Menashe

  2. Preschool Psychiatric Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel

    Gal Meiri

  3. Azrieli National Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

    Gal Meiri, Analya Michaelovski, Ilan Dinstein & Idan Menashe

  4. Child Development Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel

    Analya Michaelovski

  5. Psychology and Brain and Cognition Departments, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

    Ilan Dinstein

  6. Department of Health Systems Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel

    Nadav Davidovitch

  7. The Mother and Child Department, Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva, Israel

    Orly Kerub

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Alhozyel, E., Elbedour, L., Balaum, R. et al. Association Between Early Developmental Milestones and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 51, 1511–1520 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01085-6

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