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Sleep and Fatigue as Mediators of Racial Discrimination and Internalizing Symptoms in Black Adolescent-Caregiver Dyads

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Abstract

While the association of racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms in Black individuals is well established, we still have a limited understanding of mechanisms and contextual factors influencing this association, such as sleep and the family context. The present study examined sleep and fatigue as mediators underlying the relationship between racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms within Black adolescent-caregiver dyads. Using data from a larger survey study of risk and resilience in Black adolescents (Mage= 14.36, 49.5% female) and their caregivers (Mage= 39.25, 75.9% female), we used the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model extended Mediation (APIMeM) to test associations of racial discrimination, sleep factors, and internalizing symptoms among 179 dyads. Significant actor effects revealed that sleep disturbance and fatigue independently mediated the association of racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms among adolescents and caregivers. Additionally, partner effects were found, such that adolescents’ experiences of discrimination were indirectly associated with their caregivers’ internalizing symptoms via caregiver fatigue. No direct or indirect effects of caregiver experiences of discrimination on adolescent outcomes were found. The findings highlight the important role sleep and fatigue play in the link between racial discrimination and internalizing symptoms among Black adolescents and adults; and the role that the family context may play in this association. Mental health and sleep interventions for Black individuals should address the impact of racial discrimination on internalizing symptoms, with an emphasis on family-focused interventions.

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Acknowledgment

We would like to acknowledge the VCU CCEP Research Core Working Group: CCEP Director: Faye Z Belgrave. Project Co-directors: Cecelia Valrie, Hayley Cleary, Vivian Dzokoto. Data cleaning and management: Jamie Cage. Data collection: Michell Pope and Research Unlimited. CCEP research support: Deborah Butler and Lindsay Bryant.

Funding

The VCU Center for Cultural Experiences in Prevention (CCEP) Research Core Database was supported by Virginia Commonwealth University's Office of Sponsored Research (PI: Faye Belgrave) and the VCU Wilder School (PI: Ashlee Barnes-Lee). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, publication decisions, or manuscript preparation. Jelaina Shipman-Lacewell is supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) 1F31MD017954-01.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Jelaina Shipman-Lacewell, Nao Hagiwara, Heather Jones, Faye Belgrave & Cecelia Valrie

  2. Departments of Population Health Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Tiffany Green

  3. Institute for Inclusion, Inquiry, and Innovation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Cecelia Valrie

Authors
  1. Jelaina Shipman-Lacewell
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  2. Nao Hagiwara
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  3. Tiffany Green
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  4. Heather Jones
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  5. Faye Belgrave
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  6. Cecelia Valrie
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Contributions

Jelaina Shipman-Lacewell and Cecelia Valrie contributed to the study conception and design. Data analyses were performed by Jelaina Shipman-Lacewell with the support of Cecelia Valrie and Nao Hagiwara. All authors contributed to manuscript preparation and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jelaina Shipman-Lacewell.

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Informed consent was obtained for all adult participants. Informed parental/guardian consent and informed assent was obtained for all participants under the age of 18.

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Shipman-Lacewell, J., Hagiwara, N., Green, T. et al. Sleep and Fatigue as Mediators of Racial Discrimination and Internalizing Symptoms in Black Adolescent-Caregiver Dyads. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 51, 1407–1423 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-023-01069-6

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