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Overlapping and Distinct Cognitive Impairments in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Disability

Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology volume 46, pages 1705–1716 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are commonly comorbid, share genetic liability, and often exhibit overlapping cognitive impairments. Clarification of shared and distinct cognitive effects while considering comorbid symptoms across disorders has been lacking. In the current study, children ages 7–15 years assigned to three diagnostic groups:ADHD (n = 509), ASD (n = 97), and controls (n = 301) completed measures spanning the cognitive domains of attention/arousal, working memory, set-shifting, inhibition, and response variability. Specific processes contributing to response variability were examined using a drift diffusion model, which separately quantified drift rate (i.e., efficiency of information processing), boundary separation (i.e., speed-accuracy trade-offs), and non-decision time. Children with ADHD and ASD were impaired on attention/arousal, processing speed, working memory, and response inhibition, but did not differ from controls on measures of delayed reward discounting, set-shifting, or interference control. Overall, impairments in the ASD group were not attributable to ADHD symptoms using either continuous symptom measures or latent categorical grouping approaches. Similarly, impairments in the ADHD group were not attributable to ASD symptoms. When specific RT parameters were considered, children with ADHD and ASD shared impairments in drift rate. However, children with ASD were uniquely characterized by a wider boundary separation. Findings suggest a combination of overlapping and unique patterns of cognitive impairment for children with ASD as compared to those with ADHD, particularly when the processes underlying reaction time measures are considered separately.

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Notes

  1. AIC = 2000.6, Sample Size Adjusted BIC = 1994.0, Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test for 1 versus 2 classesp < .001; Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test for 2 versus 3 classesp = .199

  2. AIC = 7794.79, Sample Size Adjusted BIC = 7856.28, Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test for 1 versus 2 classesp = .047; Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin Likelihood Ratio Test for 2 versus 3 classesp = .521

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Acknowledgements

This project was supported by Simons Foundation #177894 and by National Institutes of Health R01 MH096773 (Fair), R00MH091238 (Fair), R01 MH086654 (Nigg), R37 MH059105 13 (Nigg), and K23 MH108656 (Karalunas). We thank Corinne Stevens, Libby Nousen, and Andrew Bontemps for assistance with data collection and preparation. We gratefully acknowledge the participants and their caregivers, as well as the graduate students, staff, and research assistants whose remarkable dedication has made this research possible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., UHN80R1, Portland, OR, 97239, USA

    Sarah L. Karalunas, Hanna Gustafsson, Damien Fair & Joel T. Nigg

  2. Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, OR, 97239, USA

    Sarah L. Karalunas, Elizabeth Hawkey, Marybeth Langhorst, Michaela Cordova, Damien Fair & Joel T. Nigg

  3. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA

    Meghan Miller

  4. Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA

    Damien Fair

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Karalunas, S.L., Hawkey, E., Gustafsson, H. et al. Overlapping and Distinct Cognitive Impairments in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Disability. J Abnorm Child Psychol 46, 1705–1716 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0394-2

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Keywords

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  • Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
  • Executive function
  • Neuropsychology
  • Reaction time variability
  • Diffusion model