Abstract
Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC or NEMCA effect) is one of the most exciting discoveries in Electrochemistry with great impact on many catalytic and electrocatalytic processes. According to the words of John O’M. Bockris, EPOC is a triumph, and the latest in a series of advances in electrochemistry which have come about in the last 30 years. It has been shown with more than 80 different catalytic systems that the catalytic activity and selectivity of conductive catalysts deposited on solid electrolytes can be altered in a very pronounced, reversible and, to some extent, predictable manner by applying electrical currents or potentials (typically up to ±2 V) between the catalyst and a second electronic conductor (counter electrode) also deposited on the solid electrolyte. The induced steady-state change in catalytic rate can be up to 135 × 103% higher than the normal (open-circuit) catalytic rate and up to 3 × 105 higher than the steady-state rate of ion supply. EPOC studies in the last 7 years mainly focus on the following four areas: Catalytic reactions with environmental impact (such as reduction of NO x and oxidation of light hydrocarbons), mechanistic studies on the origin of EPOC (using mainly oxygen ion conductors), scale-up pf EPOC reactors for potential commercialization via development of novel compact monolithic reactors and application of EPOC in high or low temperature fuel cells via introduction of the concept of triode fuel cell. The most recent EPOC studies in these areas are discussed in the present review and some of the future trends and aims of EPOC research are presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AP:
-
Atmospheric pressure
- BCN:
-
Ba3Ca1.19Nb1.82O9−a
- BPG:
-
Gd-doped BaPrO3
- BZY:
-
Y-doped BaZrO3
- CV:
-
Cyclic voltammetry
- EP:
-
Electrochemical promotion
- EPOC:
-
Electrochemical promotion of catalysis
- FC:
-
Fuel cell
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- HC:
-
Hydrocarbon
- HV:
-
High vacuum
- LaAlO:
-
La1.8Al0.2O3
- LSC:
-
La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2F0.8O3
- LSCM:
-
La0.8Sr0.2Co0.8Fe0.2O3
- LSM:
-
La0.85Sr0.15MnO3
- LSV:
-
Linear sweep voltammetry
- MEPR:
-
Monolithic electropromoted reactor
- MSI:
-
Metal-support interactions
- NASICON:
-
Na3Zr2Si2PO12
- NEMCA:
-
Non-Faradaic elecrochemical modification of catalytic activity
- PEMFC:
-
Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
- PVD:
-
Physical vapour deposition
- RWGS:
-
Reversed water-gas-shift
- SCY:
-
SrCe0.95Y0.05O3−a
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- SEM-EDX:
-
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis conducted by means of SEM
- SOFC:
-
Solid oxide fuel cell
- STM:
-
Scanning tunnelling microscopy
- SZY:
-
SrZr0.95Y0.05O3−a
- TE:
-
Transient experiments
- tpb:
-
Three phase boundaries
- TPD:
-
Temperature programmed desorption
- TPR:
-
Temperature programmed reaction
- UHV:
-
Ultra high vacuum
- WGS:
-
Water-gas-shift
- YSZ:
-
Y2O3-doped ZrO2
References
Stoukides M, Vayenas CG (1981) J Catal 70:137
Politova TI, Sobyanin VA, Belyaev VD (1990) React Kinet Catal Lett 41:321
Foti G, Wodiunig S, Comninellis C (2000) Curr Top Electrochem 7:1
Harkness I, Lambert RM (1995) J Catal 152:211
Cavalca CA, Haller GL (1998) J Catal 177:389
Anastasijevic NA, Hillrichs E, Lohrberg K, Ungar G (1997) US Patent
Stoukides M (1988) Ind Eng Chem Res 27:1745
Yentekakis IV, Lambert RM, Tikhov MS, Konsolakis M, Kiousis V (1998) J Catal 176:82
Ploense L, Salazar M, Gurau B, Smotkin ES (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:11550
Douvartzides SL, Tsiakaras PE (2002) J Catal 211:521
Poppe J, Voelkening S, Schaak A, Schuetz E, Janek J, Imbihl R (1999) Phys Chem Chem Phys 1:5241
Pacchioni G, Lomas JR, Illas F (1997) Mol Catal A Chem 119:263
Petrushina IM, Bandur VA, Cappeln F, Bjerrum NJ (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:3010
Hong JK, Oh I-H, Hong S-A, Lee WY (1996) J Catal 163:95
Emery DA, Middleton PH, Metcalfe IS (1998) Surf Sci 405:308
Janek J, Rohnke M, Luerssen B, Imbihl R (2000) Phys Chem Chem Phys 2:1935
Lamy-Pitara E, Mouahid SE, Barbier J (2000) Electrochim Acta 45:4299
Leiva EPM, Sanchez CG (2003) J Solid State Electrochem 7:588
Vernoux P, Gaillard F, Bultel L, Siebert E, Primet M (2002) J Catal 208:412
de Lucas-Consuegra A, Dorado F, Jimenez-Borja C, Valverde JL (2008) Appl Catal B Environ 78:222
de Lucas-Consuegra A, Dorado F, Valverde JL, Karoum R, Vernoux P (2007) J Catal 251:474
Bockris JOM, Minevski ZS (1994) Electrochim Acta 39:1471
Lu G-Q, Wieckowski A (2000) Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 5:95
Pritchard J (1990) Nature 343:592
Grzybowska-Swierkosz B, Haber J (1994) In: Annual reports on the progress of chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge
Riess I (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:1591
Riess I (2005) Solid State Ionics 176:1667
Vayenas CG, Bebelis S, Pliangos C, Brosda S, Tsiplakides D (2001) In: Electrochemical activation of catalysis: promotion, electrochemical promotion and metal-support interactions, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York
Katsaounis A, Nikopoulou Z, Verykios XE, Vayenas CG (2004) J Catal 226:197
Katsaounis A, Nikopoulou Z, Verykios XE, Vayenas CG (2004) J Catal 222:192
Neophytides S, Tsiplakides D, Vayenas CG (1998) J Catal 178:414
Katsaounis A (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1097
Bebelis S, Vayenas CG (1989) J Catal 118:125
Koutsodontis C, Katsaounis A, Figueroa JC, Cavalca C, Pereira C, Vayenas CG (2006) Top Catal 39:97
Koutsodontis C, Katsaounis A, Figueroa JC, Cavalca C, Pereira CJ, Vayenas CG (2006) Top Catal 38:157
Bebelis S, Kotsionopoulos N (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:2205
Kokkofitis C, Karagiannakis G, Zisekas S, Stoukides M (2005) J Catal 234:476
Roche V, Karoum R, Billard A, Revel R, Vernoux P (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1111
Thursfield A, Brosda S, Pliangos C, Schober T, Vayenas CG (2003) Electrochim Acta 48:3779
Poulidi D, Metcalfe IS (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:2211
Poulidi D, Castillo-del-Rio MA, Salar R, Thursfield A, Metcalfe IS (2003) Solid State Ionics 162–163:305
Karoum R, de Lucas-Consuegra A, Dorado F, Valverde JL, Billard A, Vernoux P (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1083
Gaillard F, Li XG, Uray M, Vernoux P (2004) Catal Lett 96:177
Vernoux P, Gaillard F, Lopez C, Siebert E (2004) Solid State Ionics 175:609
Billard A, Vernoux P (2007) Top Catal 44:369
Roche V, Siebert E, Steil MC, Deloume JP, Roux C, Pagnier T, Revel R, Vernoux P (2008) Ionics 14:235
Li X, Gaillard F, Vernoux P (2007) Top Catal 44:391
Kotsionopoulos N, Bebelis S (2007) Top Catal 44:379
Kotsionopoulos N, Bebelis S (2005) J Appl Electrochem 35:1253
Kokkofitis C, Karagiannakis G, Stoukides M (2007) Top Catal 44:361
Tsiakaras PE, Douvartzides SL, Demin AK, Sobyanin VA (2002) Solid State Ionics 152:721
de Lucas-Consuegra A, Dorado F, Valverde JL, Karoum R, Vernoux P (2008) Catal Commun 9:17
Lintanf A, Djurado E, Vernoux P (2008) Solid State Ionics 178:1998
Vernoux P, Gaillard F, Karoum R, Billard A (2007) Appl Catal B Environ 73:73
Dorado F, de Lucas-Consuegra A, Vernoux P, Valverde JL (2007) Appl Catal B Environ 73:42
Dorado F, de Lucas-Consuegra A, Jimenez C, Valverde JL (2007) Appl Catal A Gen 321:86
Vernoux P, Gaillard F, Lopez C, Siebert E (2003) J Catal 217:203
de Lucas-Consuegra A, Caravaca A, Sanchez P, Dorado F, Valverde JL (2008) J Catal 259:54
Kokkofitis C, Ouzounidou M, Skodra A, Stoukides M (2007) Solid State Ionics 178:475
Karagiannakis G, Zisekas S, Stoukides M (2003) Solid State Ionics 162–163:313
Skodra A, Ouzounidou M, Stoukides M (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:2217
Vayenas CG, Brosda S, Pliangos C (2001) J Catal 203:329
Brosda S, Vayenas CG (2002) J Catal 208:38
Brosda S, Vayenas CG, Wei J (2006) Appl Catal B Environ 68:109
Karagiannakis G, Kokkofitis C, Zisekas S, Stoukides M (2005) Catal Today 104:219
Constantinou I, Archonta D, Brosda S, Lepage M, Sakamoto Y, Vayenas CG (2006) J Catal 251:400
Poulidi D, Thursfield A, Metcalfe IS (2007) Top Catal 44:435
Poulidi D, Mather GC, Metcalfe IS (2007) Solid State Ionics 178:675
Karagiannakis G, Zisekas S, Kokkofitis C, Stoukides M (2006) Appl Catal A Gen 301:265
Kokkofitis C, Ouzounidou M, Skodra A, Stoukides M (2007) Solid State Ionics 178:507
Kokkofitis C, Karagiannakis G, Stoukides M (2007) Catal Today 127:330
Kiatkittipong W, Tagawa T, Goto S, Assabumrungrat S, Praserthdam P (2004) Solid State Ionics 166:127
Vayenas C, Archonta D, Tsiplakides D (2003) J Electroanal Chem 554–555:301
Archonta D, Frantzis A, Tsiplakides D, Vayenas CG (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:2221
Leiva EPM (2007) Top Catal 44:347
Fleig J, Jamnik J (2005) J Electrochem Soc 152:E138
Leiva EPM, Vazquez C, Rojas MI, Mariscal MM (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1065
Riess I, Vayenas CG (2003) Solid State Ionics 159:313
Vayenas CG (2004) Solid State Ionics 168:321
Vayenas CG, Bebelis S, Ladas S (1990) Nature 343:625
Ladas S, Bebelis S, Vayenas CG (1991) Surf Sci 251/252:1062
Nicole J, Tsiplakides D, Wodiunig S, Comninellis C (1997) J Electrochem Soc 144:L312
Falgairette C, Jaccoud A, Foti G, Ch C (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1075
Vayenas CG, Pitselis GE (2001) Ind Eng Chem Res 40:4209
Billard A, Vernoux P (2005) Ionics 11:126
Balomenou S, Tsiplakides D, Katsaounis A, Thiemann-Handler S, Cramer B, Foti G, Comninellis C, Vayenas CG (2004) Appl Catal B Environ 52:181
Balomenou SP, Tsiplakides D, Katsaounis A, Brosda S, Hammad A, Foti G, Comninellis C, Thiemann-Handler S, Cramer B, Vayenas CG (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:2201
Koutsodontis C, Hammad A, Lepage M, Sakamoto Y, Foti G, Vayenas CG (2008) Top Catal 50:192
Souentie S, Hammad A, Brosda S, Foti G, Vayenas CG (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1159
Tsiplakides D, Balomenou S, Katsaounis A, Archonta D, Koutsodontis C, Vayenas CG (2005) Catal Today 100:133
Balomenou S, Tsiplakides D, Vayenas CG, Poulston S, Houel V, Collier A, Konstandopoulos A, Agrafiotis C (2007) Top Catal 44:481
Poulidi D, Metcalfe IS (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1121
Ploense L, Salazar M, Gurau B, Smotkin ES (2000) Solid State Ionics 136:713
Salazar M, Smotkin ES (2006) J Appl Electrochem 36:1237
Sapountzi F, Tsampas MN, Vayenas CG (2007) Top Catal 44:461
Sapountzi FM, Tsampas MN, Vayenas CG (2007) Catal Today 127:295
Balomenou SP, Vayenas CG (2004) J Electrochem Soc 151:A1874
Balomenou SP, Sapountzi F, Presvytes D, Tsampas M, Vayenas CG (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:2023
Bebelis S, Karasali H, Vayenas CG (2008) Solid State Ionics 179:1391
Bebelis S, Karasali H, Vayenas CG (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1127
de Lucas-Consuegra A, Dorado F, Jimenez-Borja C, Valverde JL (2008) J Appl Electrochem 38:1151
Labou D, Neophytides SG (2007) Top Catal 44:451
Trasatti S (1990) Electrochim Acta 35:269
Trasatti S (1982) J Electroanal Chem 139:1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Katsaounis, A. Recent developments and trends in the electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC). J Appl Electrochem 40, 885–902 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9938-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-009-9938-7