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Customized designed notch filters and applied effects on glare and contrast sensitivity in patients with dry eye syndrome

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Abstract

Purpose

Glare visual acuity and contrast sensitivity are important indicators of visual quality. Studies have shown that the glare visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in dry eye patients tend to degenerate, further affecting their quality of life. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of notch filters on glare VA and contrast sensitivity in patients with dry eye or with dry eye syndrome.

Method

36 subjects in the 20‒65 age group were diagnosed as having dry eye disease or perceived dry eye syndromes themselves who were included after the initial screening with the OSDI questionnaire, and one was subsequently excluded as they had undergone retinal detachment surgery. Finally, 35 subjects (14 male and 21 female) with a mean age of 40.66 ± 15.62 years participated in this study. All subjects wore their habitual prescriptions and four different filter lenses (namely 480, 620, dual 480 & 620 notch filter, and FL-41 tinted lens), and measured the parameters of glare visual acuity and contrast sensitivity using CSV-1000 and sine wave contrast test (SWCT), respectively. Student t-test and Repeated measurement analysis (R-ANOVA) were utilized by using SPSS 26.0 software.

Results

A dual-wavelength 480 & 620 nm optical notch filter had a significant anti-glare effect decreasing glare disabilities or discomfort, and leading to better visual quality, the same effect was also shown on a 480 nm notch filter lens. All participants showed a significant difference among the baseline, three notch filters (480 nm, 620 nm, dual-wavelength 480 & 620 nm), and FL-41 tinted lens were used on SWCT_A (1.5 cpd, F = 3.054, p = 0.019) and SWCT_E (18 cpd, F = 2.840, p = 0.049); but did not show statistical different on SWCT_B (3 cpd, F = 0.333, p = 0.771), SWCT_C (6 cpd, F = 1.779, p = 0.159), and SWCT_D (12 cpd, F = 1.447, p = 0.228).

The baseline showed the best visual performance on CS at a low spatial frequency (SWCT_A, 1.5 cpd), any filter might reduce the contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies in the clinical trial, whereas 480 nm notch filter showed the best effectiveness on CS at a high spatial frequency (SWCT_E, 18 cpd), the FL-41 lens that also filters out the 480 nm band does not achieve the same effect. Moreover, patients with dry eye or those older than 40 years old preferred optical multilayer notch filters to FL-41 tinted lenses.

Conclusion

The 480- & 620-nm dual-wavelength and 480-nm single-wavelength notch filters have the best effect on the glare visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (CS) at high spatial frequencies in dry eye patients. The 620-nm notch filter performs better in CS at low and mid-low spatial frequencies; the FL-41 tinted lens performs poorly for glare VA and CS spatial frequencies examination. Patients with glare disabilities or CS disturbance at high spatial frequencies may choose a 480-nm notch filter lens, and patients who have CS disturbance at low spatial frequencies may consider a 620-nm notch filter for the prescription.

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Data and materials availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.-Y.C.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful for the Precision Instrument Support Center of Feng Chia University in providing SPM and SEM analytical facilities.

Funding

This research was funded by Chung Shan Medical University and Feng Chia University research projects FCU-21H00723 and FCU/CSMU 110-003 in Taiwan.

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Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan

      Chuen-Lin Tien

    2. Ph.D. Program in Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan

      Chuen-Lin Tien & Su-Hui Su

    3. Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan

      Ching-Ying Cheng & Kuo-Chen Su

    4. Department of Ophthalmology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 402, Taiwan

      Ching-Ying Cheng & Kuo-Chen Su

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    1. Chuen-Lin Tien
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    4. Kuo-Chen Su
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    Contributions

    Conceptualization, CLT, CYC and. SHS; investigation, data curation, and formal analysis, CLT, CYC, SHS, and KCS; writing—original draft preparation, CLT, CYC and SHS; writing—review and editing, CYC, and SHS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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    Correspondence to Kuo-Chen Su.

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    The authors have no relevant financial or non‐financial interests to disclose.

    Ethics approval and consent to participate

    The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Chung Shan Medical University Hospital (Taichung, Taiwan) (approval number: CS2-21094). Informed written consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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    Tien, CL., Su, SH., Cheng, CY. et al. Customized designed notch filters and applied effects on glare and contrast sensitivity in patients with dry eye syndrome. Int Ophthalmol 43, 3309–3319 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-023-02735-w

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