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Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery: an educational review

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Abstract

Purpose

Selecting an anesthetic agent for ophthalmic surgery has crucial implications for the surgeon, anesthesiologist, and patient. This educational review explores the common classes of anesthesia used in ophthalmology. Additionally, we discuss the considerations unique to cataract, glaucoma, strabismus, orbital, oculoplastic, and ocular trauma surgeries.

Methods

A comprehensive Embase search was performed using combinations of the subject headings “anesthesia”, “eye surgery”, “ophthalmology” and “cataract extraction”, “glaucoma”, “strabismus”, “vitreoretinal surgery”, “retina surgery”, “eye injury”, and “eyelid reconstruction”.

Results

Topical anesthetics are the most commonly used form of ocular anesthesia, used in both an office and surgical setting, and carry a minimal side effect profile. Notably, topical anesthetics offer analgesia, but do not provide akinesia or amnesia. Regional blocks, such as are sub-Tenon’s, peribulbar, and retrobulbar blocks, are used when akinesia is required in addition to analgesia. Recently, sub-Tenon’s blocks have recently gained popularity due to their improved safety profile compared to other regional blocks. General anesthesia is considered for long, complex surgery, surgery in patients with multiple comorbidities, surgery in young pediatric patients, or surgery in patients intolerant to local or regional anesthetic.

Conclusion

Anesthetizing the eye has rapidly evolved in recent years, supporting the safety, efficacy and comfort of ocular surgery. Since there are many viable options of anesthetics available for ophthalmic surgery, a robust understanding of the patients needs, the skill of the surgical team, and surgery-specific factors ought to be considered when creating an anesthetic plan for surgery.

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Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

    Aidan Pucchio

  2. Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada

    Daiana R. Pur

  3. Vitreous Retina Macula Specialists of Toronto, 3280 Bloor Street West, Suite 310, Toronto, ON, M8X3X3, Canada

    Anuradha Dhawan & Netan Choudhry

  4. School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Simrat K. Sodhi

  5. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Austin Pereira & Netan Choudhry

  6. Cleveland Clinic Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Netan Choudhry

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  1. Aidan Pucchio
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All authors contributed to the conception, search design, synthesis of the data, and manuscript preparation.

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Correspondence to Netan Choudhry.

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Pucchio, A., Pur, D.R., Dhawan, A. et al. Anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery: an educational review. Int Ophthalmol 43, 1761–1769 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-022-02564-3

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