Abstract
A chronic inflammatory disorder, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and systemic disease characterized by progressive and prolonged destruction of joints. This results in increased mortality, physical disability and destruction. Cardiovascular disorders are one of the primary causes of mortality in patients with RA. It is multifactorial in nature and includes genetic, environmental and demographic factors which contribute to the severity of disease. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a peptide which acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and is generated through vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. Endothelins may be responsible for RA, as under certain circumstances they produce reactive oxygen species which further promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This enhances the production of superoxide anion, which activates pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in RA. The aim of this review is to elucidate the role of endothelin in the progression of RA. This review also summarizes the natural and synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs which have provided remarkable insights in targeting endothelin.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Alvarez-Cienfuegos A, Cantero-Nieto L, García-Gómez JA, Ríos-Fernández R, Martín J, González-Gay MA, Ortego-Centeno N. (2019). Endothelin-1 serum levels in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Reumatol Port 44:250–257. http://hdl.handle.net/10261/226842
Amin AR, Di Cesare PE, Vyas P, Attur M, Tzeng E, Billiar TR, Stuchin SA, Abramson SB (1995) The expression and regulation of nitric oxide synthase in human osteoarthritis-affected chondrocytes: evidence for up-regulated neuronal nitric oxide synthase. J Exp Med 182:2097–2102. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.182.6.2097
Bagnato A, Tecce R, Di Castro V, Catt KJ (1997) Activation of mitogenic signaling by endothelin 1 in ovarian carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 57:1306–1311
Bakrania B, Duncan J, Warrington JP, Granger JP (2017) The endothelin type A receptor as a potential therapeutic target in preeclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 18:522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18030522
Batumalaie K, Amin MA, Murugan DD, Sattar MZ, Abdullah NA, Withaferin A (2016) Protects against palmitic acid-induced endothelial insulin resistance and dysfunction through suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27236 (PMID: 27250532; PMCID: PMC4890118)
Mackessy SP (2021) 14 Sarafotoxins, the Snake Venom homologs of the endothelins. Handbook of venoms and toxins of reptiles. London, New York
Behl T, Chadha S, Sachdeva M, Kumar A, Hafeez A, Mehta V, Bungau S (2020) Ubiquitination in rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 261:118459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118459
Bogdanov G, Metodieva R, Boyadjieva N (2015) New research on endothelins and their receptors. S’rdechno-S’ Dovi Zabolyavaniya/medical Review-Cardiovascular Diseases 46:3–8
Bourque SL, Davidge ST, Adams MA (2011) The interaction between endothelin-1 and nitric oxide in the vasculature: new perspectives. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 300:R1288–R1295. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00397.2010
Chadha S, Behl T, Kumar A, Khullar G, Arora S (2020) Role of Nrf2 in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Res Transl Med 68:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retram.2020.05.002
Chadha S, Behl T, Bungau S, Kumar A, Kaur R, Venkatachalam T, Gupta A, Kandhwal M, Chandel D (2021) Focus on the multimodal role of autophagy in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 44:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-020-01324-8
Channick RN, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, Robbins IM, Frost A, Tapson VF, Badesch DB, Roux S, Rainisio M, Bodin F, Rubin LJ (2001) Effects of the dual endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a randomised placebocontrolled study. Lancet 358:1119–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06250-X
Chen Z, Zhang X, Lv S, Xing Z, Shi M, Li X, Chen M, Zuo S, Tao Y, Xiao G, Liu J, He Y (2021) Treatment with endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ123 attenuates acute inflammation in mice through T cell-dependent polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation. Front Immunol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.641874 (PMID: 33828553; PMCID: PMC8019801)
Chester AH, Yacoub MH (2014) The role of endothelin-1 in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014:29. https://doi.org/10.5339/gcsp.2014.29
Claudino RF, Leite DF, Bento AF, Chichorro JG, Calixto JB, Rae GA (2017) Potential role for ET-2 acting through ETA receptors in experimental colitis in mice. Inflamm Res 66:141–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-016-1001-7
Clozel M, Salloukh H (2005) Role of endothelin in fibrosis and anti-fibrotic potential of bosentan. Ann Med 37:2–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890410018925
Conte FD, Barja-Fidalgo C, Verri WA Jr, Cunha FQ, Rae GA, Penido C, Henriques MD (2008) Endothelins modulate inflammatory reaction in zymosan-induced arthritis: participation of LTB4, TNF-α, and CXCL-1. J Leukoc Biol 84:652–660. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1207827
Conte FP, Menezes-de-Lima O Jr, Verri WA Jr, Cunha FQ, Penido C, Henriques MG (2010) Lipoxin A4 attenuates zymosan-induced arthritis by modulating endothelin-1 and its effects. Br J Pharm 161:911–924. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00950.x
Coppa T, Lazzè MC, Cazzalini O, Perucca P, Pizzala R, Bianchi L, Stivala LA, Forti L, Maccario C, Vannini V, Savio M (2011) Structure-activity relationship of resveratrol and its analogue, 4,4’-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene, toward the endothelin axis in human endothelial cells. J Med Food 10:1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0272 (Epub 2011 May 9 PMID: 21554123)
Davenport AP, Hyndman KA, Dhaun N, Southan C, Kohan DE, Pollock JS, Pollock DM, Webb DJ, Maguire JJ (2016) Endothelin. Pharm Rev 68:357–418. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011833
Del Rio R, Moya EA, Iturriaga R (2011) Differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide synthases in the rat carotid body exposed to intermittent hypoxia. Brain Res 1395:74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.028
Denault AY, Pearl RG, Michler RE, Rao V, Tsui SS, Seitelberger R, Cromie M, Lindberg E, D’Armini AM (2013) Tezosentan and right ventricular failure in patients with pulmonary hypertension undergoing cardiac surgery: the TACTICS trial. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 27:1212–1217. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2013.01.023
Donate PB, Cunha TM, Verri WA, Junta CM, Lima FO, Vieira SM, Peres RS, Bombonato-Prado KF, Louzada P, Ferreira SH, Donadi EA (2012) Bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis: the role of TNF-α in the induction of endothelin system genes. Inflamm Res 61:337–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-011-0415-5
D’Orléans-Juste P, Ndunge OB, Desbiens L, Tanowitz HB, Desruisseaux MS (2019) Endothelins in inflammatory neurological diseases. Pharmacol Ther 194:145–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.001
Elisa T, Antonio P, Giuseppe P, Alessandro B, Giuseppe A, Federico C, Marzia D, Ruggero B, Giacomo M, Andrea O, Daniela R (2015) Endothelin receptors expressed by immune cells are involved in modulation of inflammation and in fibrosis: relevance to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. J Immunol Res. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/147616
Fattori V, Serafim KG, Zarpelon AC, Borghi SM, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Alves-Filho JC, Cunha TM, Cunha FQ, Casagrande R, Verri WA Jr (2017) Differential regulation of oxidative stress and cytokine production by endothelin ETA and ETB receptors in superoxide anion-induced inflammation and pain in mice. J Drug Target 25:264–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2016.1245308
Felx M, Guyot MC, Isler M, Turcotte RE, Doyon J, Khatib AM, Leclerc S, Moreau A, Moldovan F (2006) Endothelin-1 (ET-1) promotes MMP-2 and MMP-9 induction involving the transcription factor NF-κB in human osteosarcoma. Clin Sci 110:645–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/1061186X.2016.1245308
Fernandes TL, Gomoll AH, Lattermann C, Hernandez AJ, Bueno DF, Amano MT (2020) Macrophage: a potential target on cartilage regeneration. Front Immunol 11:111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00111
Finsnes F, Lyberg T, Christensen G, Skjønsberg OH (2001) Effect of endothelin antagonism on the production of cytokines in eosinophilic airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 280:L659–L665. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2001.280.4.L659
Guarda E, Katwa LC, Myers PR, Tyagi SC, Weber KT (1993) Effects of endothelins on collagen turnover in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 27:2130–2134. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/27.12.2130
Hans G, Deseure K, Adriaensen H (2008) Endothelin-1-induced pain and hyperalgesia: a review of pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and future therapeutic options. Neuropeptides 42:119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2007.12.001
Houde M, Desbiens L, D’Orléans-Juste P (2016) Endothelin-1: biosynthesis, signaling and vasoreactivity. Adv Pharmacol 77:143–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2016.05.002
Hughes AK, Stricklett PK, Padilla E, Kohan DE (1996) Effect of reactive oxygen species on endothelin-1 production by human mesangial l cells. Kidney Int 49:181–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1996.25
Imhof AK, Glück L, Gajda M, Bräuer R, Schaible HG, Schulz S (2011) Potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan in monoarthritic mice. Arthritis Res Ther. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3372 (PMID: 21689431; PMCID: PMC3218912)
Jarvis MF, Wessale JL, Zhu CZ, Lynch J. (2000) ABT-627 An endothelin ETA receptor selective antagonist, attenuates tactile allodynia in a diabetic rat model of neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014299999008651
Jing J, Dou TT, Yang JQ, Chen XB, Cao HL, Min M, Cai SQ, Zheng M, Man XY (2015) Role of endothelin-1 in the skin fibrosis of systemic sclerosis. Eur Cytokine Netw 26:10–14. https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2015.0360
Jun JB, Na YI, Kim TH et al (2010) Dietary flavonoid apigenin inhibits endothelin-1-induced contraction of collagen gel. Rheumatol Int 30:1695–1697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-009-1285-9
Kappes L, Amer RL, Sommerlatte S, Bashir G, Plattfaut C, Gieseler F, Gemoll T, Busch H, Altahrawi A, Al-Sbiei A, Haneefa SM, Arafat K, Schimke LF, Khawanky NE, Schulze-Forster K, Heidecke H, Kerstein-Staehle A, Marschner G, Pitann S, Ochs HD, Mueller A, Attoub S, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Riemekasten G, Al-Ramadi BK, Cabral-Marques O (2020) Ambrisentan, an endothelin receptor type a-selective antagonist, inhibits cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Sci Rep 10(1):15931. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72960-1
Kaur I, Behl T, Bungau S, Kumar A, Mehta V, Setia D, Uddin MS, Zengin G, Aleya L, Arora S (2020) Exploring the therapeutic promise of targeting HMGB1 in rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 258:118164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118164
Kawanabe Y, Nauli SM (2011) Endothelin. Cell Mol Life Sci 68:195–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-010-0518-0
Kowalczyk A, Kleniewska P, Kolodziejczyk M, Skibska B, Goraca A (2015) The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in inflammatory response and sepsis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 63:41–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-014-0310-1
Kozakai T, Yamanaka A, Ichiba T, Toyokawa T, Kamada Y, Tamamura T, Ichimura T (2005) Luteolin inhibits endothelin-1 secretion in cultured endothelial cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69(8):1613–1615. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.1613
Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Klimiuk PA, Sierakowski S, Ciolkiewicz M (2006) A study on vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelin-1 in patients with extra-articular involvement of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 25:314–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-005-0007-2
Lattmann T, Hein M, Horber S, Ortmann J, Teixeira MM, Souza DG, Haas E, Tornillo L, Münter K, Vetter W, Barton M (2005) Activation of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in host organs during chronic allograft rejection: role of endothelin receptor signaling. Am J Transpl 5:1042–1049. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00807.x
Leask A (2010) Potential therapeutic targets for cardiac fibrosis: TGFβ, angiotensin, endothelin, CCN2, and PDGF, partners in fibroblast activation. Circ Res 106:1675–1680. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.217737
Liang L, Yu J, Zhou W, Liu N, L E, Wang DS, Liu H (2014) Endothelin-1 stimulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in human periodontal ligament cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Periodontol 85:618–626. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2013.130195
Liu K, Zhao W, Gao X, Huang F. (2012) Diosgenin ameliorates palmitate-induced endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance via blocking IKKβ and IRS-1 pathways. Atherosclerosis. 2012 August. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0021915012003875
Loomis ED, Sullivan JC, Osmond DA, Pollock DM, Pollock JS (2005) Endothelin mediates superoxide production and vasoconstriction through activation of NADPH oxidase and uncoupled nitric-oxide synthase in the rat aorta. J Pharmacol 315:1058–1064. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.091728
Lozano E, Segarra M, Corbera-Bellalta M, García-Martínez A, Espígol-Frigolé G, Plà-Campo A, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Cid MC (2010) Increased expression of the endothelin system in arterial lesions from patients with giant-cell arteritis: association between elevated plasma endothelin levels and the development of ischaemic events. Ann Rheum Dis 69:434–442. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.105692
Manchope MF, Calixto-Campos C, Coelho-Silva L, Zarpelon AC, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Georgetti SR, Baracat MM, Casagrande R, Verri WA Jr (2016) Naringenin inhibits superoxide anion-induced inflammatory pain: role of oxidative stress, cytokines, Nrf-2 and the NO-cGMP-PKG-KATP channel signaling pathway. PLoS One 11(4):e0153015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153015
Maroon JC, Bost JW, Maroon A (2010) Natural anti-inflammatory agents for pain relief. Surg Neurol Int 1:80. https://doi.org/10.4103/2152-7806.73804
McInnes IB, Schett G (2011) The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 365:2205–2219. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1004965
Motte S, McEntee K, Naeije R (2006) Endothelin receptor antagonists. Pharm Ther 110:386–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.08.012
Mourouzis K, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Tsalamadris S, Vogiatzi G, Antonopoulos A, Fountoulakis P, Goliopoulou A, Papaioannou S, Tousoulis D (2020) Pro-inflammatory cytokines in acute coronary syndromes. Curr Pharm Des 26:4624–4647. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200413082353
Muller DN, Mervaala EM, Schmidt F, Park JK, Dechend R, Genersch E, Breu V, Löffler BM, Ganten D, Schneider W, Haller H (2000) Effect of bosentan on NF-κB, inflammation, and tissue factor in angiotensin II–induced end-organ damage. Hypertension 36:282–290. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.36.2.282
Nakano J, Takizawa H, Ohtoshi T, Shoji S, Yamaguchi M, Ishii A, Yanagisawa M, Ito K (1994) Endotoxin and pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate endothelin-I expression and release by airway epithelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy 24:330–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00243.x
Narazaki M, Tanaka T, Kishimoto T (2017) The role and therapeutic targeting of IL-6 in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 13:535–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2017.1295850
Ohtaki HE (2016) In handbook of hormones. Academic Press, Cambrige, pp 326-e36
Olender J, Nowakowska-Zajdel E, Walkiewicz K, Muc-Wierzgoń M (2016) Endothelins and carcinogenesis. Postepy Hig Med Dosw 70:872–880. https://doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1214386
Parida A, Nayak V (2013) Endothelins: Their current status and future prospects. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 23:94–97
Peng H, Chen P, Cai Y, Chen Y, Wu QH, Li Y, Zhou R, Fang X (2008) Endothelin-1 increases expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and production of interlukin-8 in hunan pulmonary epithelial cells. Peptides 29:419–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2007.11.015
Phull AR, Nasir B, ul Haq I, Kim SJ (2018) Oxidative stress, consequences and ROS mediated cellular signaling in rheumatoid arthritis. Chem Biol Interact 281:121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2017.12.024
Rautureau Y, Schiffrin EL (2012) Endothelin in hypertension: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 21:128–136. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0b013e32834f0092
Ricciardi R, Schafer BK, Shah SA, Quarfordt SH, Banner BF, Wheeler SM, Donahue SE, Meyers WC, Chari RS (2001) Bosentan, an endothelin antagonist, augments hepatic graft function by reducing graft circulatory impairment following ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Gastrointest Surg 5:322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1091-255X(01)80055-X
Sah SK, Kin B, Park GT, Kim S (2013) Novel isonahocol E3 exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects in endothelin-1-stimulated human keratinocytes. Eur J Pharm. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014299913007838
Sánchez A, Martínez P, Muñoz M, Benedito S, García-Sacristán A, Hernández M, Prieto D (2014) Endothelin-1 contributes to endothelial dysfunction and enhanced vasoconstriction through augmented superoxide production in penile arteries from insulin-resistant obese rats: role of ETA and ETB receptors. Br J Pharm 171:5682–5695. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12870
Sato A, Ebina K (2013) Common mechanism in endothelin-3 and PAF receptor function for anti-inflammatory responses. Eur J Pharm. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.025 (Epub. PMID: 24055926)
Shinagawa S, Okazaki T, Ikeda M, Yudoh K, Kisanuki YY, Yanagisawa M, Kawahata K, Ozaki S (2017) T cells upon activation promote endothelin 1 production in monocytes via IFN-γ and TNF-α. Sci Rep 7:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14202-5
Shrestha S, Gracias NG, Mujenda F, Khodorova A, Vasko MR, Strichartz GR (2009) Local antinociception induced by endothelin-1 in the hairy skin of the rat’s back. J Pain 10:702–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2008.12.005
Sin A, Tang W, Wen CY, Chung SK, Chiu KY (2015) The emerging role of endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of subchondral bone disturbance and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil 23:516–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.002
Soldano S, Montagna P, Brizzolara R, Trombetta AC, Corallo C, Pizzorni C, Paolino S, Sulli A, Ghio M, Smith V, Giordano N (2017) AB0185 Endothelin-1 stimulates the profibrotic alternative activated phenotype in cultured human macrophages isolated from systemic sclerosis patients. Ann Rheum Dis 76:1111–1111. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.5857
Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Morabito N, Crisafulli A, D’Anna R, Corrado F, Ruggeri P, Campo GM, Calapai G, Caputi AP, Squadrito G (2002) The effect of the phytoestrogen genistein on plasma nitric oxide concentrations, endothelin-1 levels and endothelium dependent vasodilation in postmenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 163:339–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00013-8
Stankowska DL, Krishnamoorthy VR, Ellis DZ, Krishnamoorthy RR (2017) Neuroprotective effects of curcumin on endothelin-1 mediated cell death in hippocampal neurons. Nutr Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2015.1119377 (Epub 2015 Dec 12. PMID: 26651837)
Stow LR, Jacobs ME, Wingo CS, Cain BD (2011) Endothelin-1 gene regulation. FASEB J 25:16–28. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-161612
Tatar A, Yayla M, Kose D, Halici Z, Yoruk O, Polat E (2016) The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in allergic rhinitis inflammation: ovalbumin-induced rat model. Rhinology 54:266–272. https://doi.org/10.4193/Rhino15.059
Tchetina EV, Squires G, Poole AR (2005) Increased type II collagen degradation and very early focal cartilage degeneration is associated with upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation related genes in early human articular cartilage lesions. J Rheumatol 32:876–886
Tonari M, Kurimoto T, Horie T et al (2012) Blocking endothelin-B receptors rescues retinal ganglion cells from optic nerve injury through suppression of neuroinflammation. Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci 53:3490–3500
Urbanowicz W, Sogni P, Moreau R (2005) Tezosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, limits liver injury in endotoxin challenged cirrhotic rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69(8):1613–1615. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.69.1613
Vercauteren M, Trensz F, Pasquali A, Cattaneo C, Strasser DS, Hess P, Iglarz M, Clozel M (2017) Endothelin ETA receptor blockade, by activating ETB receptors, increases vascular permeability and induces exaggerated fluid retention. J Pharm Exp Ther 361:322–333. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.116.234930
Wang R, Dashwood RH (2011) Endothelins and their receptors in cancer: identification of therapeutic targets. Pharm Res 63:519–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2011.01.002
Wenzel RR, Littke T, Kuranoff S, Jürgens C, Bruck H, Ritz E, Philipp T, Mitchell A. (2009) SPP301 (Avosentan) endothelin antagonist Evaluation in Diabetic Nephropathy Study Investigators. Avosentan reduces albumin excretion in diabetics with macroalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol 20(3):655–64 https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2008050482Epub 2009 Jan 14. PMID: 19144760; PMCID: PMC2653691
Wermuth PJ, Li Z, Mendoza FA, Jimenez SA (2016) Stimulation of transforming growth factor-β1-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and tissue fibrosis by endothelin-1 (ET-1): a novel profibrotic effect of ET-1. PLoS One 11:e0161988. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161988
Wong CT, Rowlands DK, Wong CH, Lo TW, Nguyen GK, Li HY, Tam JP (2012) Orally active peptidic bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists engineered from a cyclotide scaffold for inflammatory pain treatment. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:5620–5624. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201200984
Yoshida H, Imafuku Y, Ohhara M, Miyata M, Kasukawa R, Ohsumi K, Horiuchi J (1998) Endothelin-1 production by human synoviocytes. Ann Clin Biochem 35:290–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456329803500215
Yu J, Chen X, Li Y, Wang Y, Cao X, Liu Z, Shen B, Zou J, Ding X (2021) Pro-inflammatory cytokines as potential predictors for intradialytic hypotension. Ren Fail 43:198–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2021.1871921
Yuzugulen J. (2016) Characterisation of proendothelin-1 derived peptides and evaluation of their utility as biomarkers of vascular and renal pathologies (Doctoral dissertation, Queen Mary University of London)
Zarpelon AC, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC, Pinto LG, Ferreira SH, McInnes IB, Xu D, Liew FY, Cunha FQ, Verri WA Jr (2013) IL-33/ST 2 signalling contributes to carrageenin-induced innate inflammation and inflammatory pain: role of cytokines, endothelin-1 and prostaglandin E 2. Br J Pharm 169:90–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.12110
Zhan S, Rockey DC (2011) Tumor necrosis factor α stimulates endothelin-1 synthesis in rat hepatic stellate cells in hepatic wound healing through a novel IKK/JNK pathway. Exp Cell Res 317:1040–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.026
Zhang S, Lin X (2019) CARMA3: Scaffold protein involved in NF-κB signaling. Front Immunol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00176
Zhao Z, Li E, Cao Q, Sun J, Ma B (2016) Endothelin-1 concentrations are correlated with the severity of knee osteoarthritis. J Investig Med 64:872–874. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22094
Funding
The present study received no external funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: AS and TB; investigation: AS, TB and SS; writing—original draft preparation: AS, NS and MA; figure-making: HAA and AMM; literature collection: AS and TB: editing: AS: proofreading: LA and SB.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
All authors have given consent for publication of the current article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Sehgal, A., Behl, T., Singh, S. et al. Exploring the pivotal role of endothelin in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacol 30, 1555–1567 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-01051-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-01051-6