Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sarcococca saligna extract attenuates formaldehyde-induced arthritis in Wistar rats via modulation of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory biomarkers

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Inflammopharmacology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sarcococca saligna plant is commonly used as traditional therapy for arthritis especially in Asian countries. The current study is designed to explore the anti-arthritic potential of S. saligna aqueous methanolic extract (SSME). Preliminary proximate study and HPLC analysis were performed to investigate the phytochemical characterization and quality control. The safety of the SSME was evaluated by performing an acute oral toxicity study (OECD guidelines 425). The anti-arthritic potential of SSME was explored by in vivo formaldehyde-induced arthritis model. The antiarthritic effect of the SSME was determined through paw diameter, arthritic index, body weight, biochemical and haematological parameters. Radiographic and histopathological studies were also carried out to evaluate the results. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the upregulation and downregulation of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats while ELISA was done to determine the concentration of HSP-70, IL-6 and TNF-α in the serum. Results of acute oral toxicity showed no abnormality and mortality. There was no noticeable change in haematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination exhibited the normal structure of vital organs. So, SSME might be safe at a 2000 mg/kg dose, proposing that LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Gallic acid, catechin, hydroxyl benzoic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and p-cumaric acid were identified by HPLC. The outcomes of in vivo formaldehyde-induced arthritic model showed that SSME significantly reduced paw inflammation and arthritic index and improved haematological and biochemical parameters. Moreover, the SSME influentially down-regulated the gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, PGE2, TNF-α and NF-κB, and up-regulated the expression of IL-4, and IL-10. The results of the undertaken study suggest that S. saligna have strong anti-arthritic activity supporting its conventional application as the remedy of rheumatoid arthritis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

References

  • Afonso V, Champy R, Mitrovic D, Collin P, Lomri A (2007) Reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutases: role in joint diseases. Joint Bone Spine 74(4):324–329

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akinsanya B, Utoh O, Ukwa U (2016) Toxicological, phytochemical and anthelminthic properties of rich plant extracts on Clarias gariepinus. J Basic Appl Zool 74:75–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Alamgir M, Campbell MJ, Sloan S, Goosem M, Clements GR, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (2017) Economic, socio-political and environmental risks of road development in the tropics. Curr Biol 27(20):R1130–R1140

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali H, Musharraf SG, Iqbal N, Adhikari A, Abdalla OM, Mesaik MA, Kabir N (2015) Immunosuppressive and hepatoprotective potential of Sarcococca saligna and its biomarker components. Int Immunopharmacol 28(1):235–243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Naeem T, Gorton I, Babar MA, Rabhi F, Benatallah B (2005) A quality-driven systematic approach for architecting distributed software applications. In: Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Software engineering

  • Álvarez JLP (2009) Interleukin 6 in the physiopathology of rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatología Clínica (english Edition) 5(1):34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Amouzougan A, Dénarié D, Marotte H, Roblin X, Thomas T (2018) Rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab in two patients with complicated chronic liver disease with portal hypertension. Joint Bone Spine 85(1):115–117

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramaniam A, Manivannan R, Paramaguru R, Mazumder PM, Vijayakumar M (2012) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of stem bark of Todalia asiatica (L) lam. using different experimental models. Pharmacologia 3(5):144–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa-Filho JM, Piuvezam MR, Moura MD, Silva MS, Lima KVB, da-Cunha EVL et al (2006) Anti-inflammatory activity of alkaloids: a twenty-century review. Rev Bras 16:109–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barksby H, Lea S, Preshaw P, Taylor J (2007) The expanding family of interleukin-1 cytokines and their role in destructive inflammatory disorders. Clin Exp Immunol 149(2):217–225

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bigioni TP, Lin X-M, Nguyen TT, Corwin EI, Witten TA, Jaeger HM (2006) Kinetically driven self assembly of highly ordered nanoparticle monolayers. Nat Mater 5(4):265–270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff SC (2008) Quercetin: potentials in the prevention and therapy of disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 11(6):733–740

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bose M, Chakraborty M, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharjee P, Mandal S, Kar M, Mishra R (2014) Suppression of NF-κ B p65 nuclear translocation and tumor necrosis factor-α by Pongamia pinnata seed extract in adjuvant-induced arthritis. J Immunotoxicol 11(3):222–230

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cai D, Huff TW, Liu J, Yuan T, Wei Z, Qin J (2019) Alleviation of cartilage destruction by sinapic acid in experimental osteoarthritis. BioMed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5689613

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng X-L, Xin-Guang L, Qi W, Ling Z, Lian-Wen Q, Ping L (2015) Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of Guge Fengtong Formula: in vitro and in vivo studies. Chin J Nat Med 13(11):842–853

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi MJ, Torralba A, Willsky AS (2012) Context models and out-of-context objects. Pattern Recogn Lett 33(7):853–862

    Google Scholar 

  • Cwiklinska H, Mycko MP, Szymanska B, Matysiak M, Selmaj KW (2010) Aberrant stress-induced Hsp70 expression in immune cells in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 88(14):3102–3110

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Ming Y, Zhou Z-W, Guang Li C, Zhou S-F (2011) Current and future therapeutic targets of rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-Inflamm Anti-Allergy Agents Med Chem 10(2):92–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Firoz S, Carlson G (2004) Characteristics and treatment outcome of older methadone-maintenance patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 12(5):539–541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman JD, Warren RL, Webb JR, Nelson BH, Holt RA (2009) Profiling the T-cell receptor beta-chain repertoire by massively parallel sequencing. Genome Res 19(10):1817–1824

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gasparyan AY, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Mikhailidis DP, Douglas KM, Kitas GD (2011) Platelet function in rheumatoid arthritis: arthritic and cardiovascular implications. Rheumatol Int 31(2):153–164

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam RK, Sharma S, Sharma K, Gupta G (2018) Evaluation of antiarthritic activity of butanol fraction of Punica granatum Linn. Rind extract against Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2018025137

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Genest C, Smith DM, Chapman D (1963) Pepper analysis, a critical study of two procedures for the determination of piperine in black and white pepper. J Agric Food Chem 11(6):508–512

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hromadnikova I, Zlacka D, Nguyen TTH, Sedlackova L, Zejskova L, Sosna A (2008) Fetal cells of mesenchymal origin in cultures derived from synovial tissue and skin of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 75(5):563–566

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jalalpure SS, Mandavkar YD, Khalure PR, Shinde GS, Shelar PA, Shah AS (2011) Antiarthritic activity of various extracts of Mesua ferrea Linn. seed. J Ethnopharmacol 138(3):700–704

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jan NU, Ali A, Ahmad B, Iqbal N, Adhikari A, Ali A et al (2018) Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of steroidal alkaloid of Sarcococca saligna. Biomed Pharmacother 100:461–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang K, Park S, Kim YS, Lee S, Back K (2009) Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of serotonin derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 83(1):27–34

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khalid FM (2002) Islam and the environment. Encycl Global Environ Change 5(1):332–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence AJ, Luty J, Bogdan NA, Sahakian BJ, Clark L (2009) Impulsivity and response inhibition in alcohol dependence and problem gambling. Psychopharmacology 207(1):163–172

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lin B, Zhang H, Zhao X-X, Rahman K, Wang Y, Ma X-Q et al (2013) Inhibitory effects of the root extract of Litsea cubeba (lour.) pers. on adjuvant arthritis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 147(2):327–334

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom L, Scheel MA, Kidder LE, Owen R, Rinne O (2006) A new generalized harmonic evolution system. Class Quantum Gravity 23(16):S447

    Google Scholar 

  • Manan M, Saleem U, Akash MSH, Qasim M, Hayat M, Raza Z, Ahmad B (2020) Antiarthritic potential of comprehensively standardized extract of Alternanthera bettzickiana: in vitro and in vivo studies. ACS Omega 5(31):19478–19496

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mass CF, Ovens D, Westrick K, Colle BA (2002) Does increasing horizontal resolution produce more skillful forecasts?: The Results of Two Years of real-Time Numerical Weather Prediction over the Pacific Northwest. Bull Am Meteor Soc 83(3):407–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Meenan RF, Gertman PM, Mason JH (1980) Measuring health status in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 23(2):146–152

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller SC, Huang R, Sakamuru S, Shukla SJ, Attene-Ramos MS, Shinn P et al (2010) Identification of known drugs that act as inhibitors of NF-κB signaling and their mechanism of action. Biochem Pharmacol 79(9):1272–1280

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moghaddam KM, Arfan M, Rafique J, Rezaee S, Fesharaki PJ, Gohari AR, Shahverdi AR (2010) The antifungal activity of Sarcococca saligna ethanol extract and its combination effect with fluconazole against different resistant Aspergillus species. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 162(1):127–133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreton RC (2016) United States pharmacopeia-national formulary. J Excip Food Chem 6(3):925

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair V, Singh S, Gupta Y (2012) Evaluation of disease modifying activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models. Indian J Med Res 135(2):240

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Naz R, Ahmed Z, Shahzad M, Shabbir A, Kamal F (2020) Amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis by Anacardium occidentale via inhibition of collagenase and lysosomal enzymes. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8869484

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilesh G, Chakrborti P, Rai A, Gupta P (2012) Effect of plant growth regulator on growth response and yield component in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. Res J Agric Sci 3(1):204–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyeleke SA, Ajayi AM, Umukoro S, Aderibigbe A, Ademowo OG (2018) Anti-inflammatory activity of Theobroma cacao L. stem bark ethanol extract and its fractions in experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol 222:239–248

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papadaki HA, Kritikos HD, Valatas V, Boumpas DT, Eliopoulos GD (2002) Anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased apoptosis of bone marrow erythroid cells: improvement following anti–tumor necrosis factor-α antibody therapy. Blood, J Am Soc Hematol 100(2):474–482

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul NC, Moodley A, Ghibaudo G, Guardabassi L (2011) Carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in small animal veterinarians: indirect evidence of zoonotic transmission. Zoonoses Public Health 58(8):533–539

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajendran R, Krishnakumar E (2010) Anti-arthritic activity of Premna serratifolia Linn., wood against adjuvant induced arthritis. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2(2):101

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rice LB (2008) Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossato MF, Hoffmeister C, Tonello R, de Oliveira Ferreira AP, Ferreira J (2015) Anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Inflammation 38(2):606–615

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roubenoff R, Roubenoff RA, Cannon JG, Kehayias JJ, Zhuang H, Dawson-Hughes B et al (1994) Rheumatoid cachexia: cytokine-driven hypermetabolism accompanying reduced body cell mass in chronic inflammation. J Clin Investig 93(6):2379–2386

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ruan Q, Zhao C, Ye Z, Ruan J, Xie Q, Xie W (2015) Effect and possible mechanism of monocyte-derived VEGF on monocyte–endothelial cellular adhesion after electrical burns. Burns 41(4):825–832

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saleem U, Hussain K, Ahmad M, Irfan Bukhari N, Malik A, Ahmad B (2014) Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of Euphorbia helioscopia (L.). Pakistan J Pharmac Sci 27(3):577–585

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saleem M, Tanvir M, Akhtar MF, Iqbal M, Saleem A (2019) Antidiabetic potential of Mangifera indica L. cv. Anwar Ratol leaves: medicinal application of food wastes. Medicina 55(7):353

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Saleem A, Saleem M, Akhtar MF, Shahzad M, Jahan S (2020a) Moringa rivae leaf extracts attenuate Complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis in Wistar rats via modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. Inflammopharmacology 28(1):139–151

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saleem A, Saleem M, Akhtar MF, Shahzad M, Jahan S (2020b) Polystichum braunii extracts inhibit Complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis via upregulation of I-κB, IL-4, and IL-10, downregulation of COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, and TNF-α, and subsiding oxidative stress. Inflammopharmacology 28(6):1633–1648

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sano T, Aiko T (2011) New Japanese classifications and treatment guidelines for gastric cancer: revision concepts and major revised points. Gastric Cancer 14(2):97–100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schena M, Clini E, Errera D, Quadri A (1996) Echo-Doppler evaluation of left ventricular impairment in chronic cor pulmonale. Chest 109(6):1446–1451

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schett G, Redlich K, Xu Q, Bizan P, Gröger M, Tohidast-Akrad M et al (1998) Enhanced expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) activation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. Differential regulation of hsp70 expression and hsf1 activation in synovial fibroblasts by proinflammatory cytokines, shear stress, and antiinflammatory drugs. J Clin Investig 102(2):302–311

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sedláčková S, Rektorová I, Srovnalová H, Rektor I (2009a) Effect of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on Reaction time, Clinical features and Cognitive function in patients with Parkinsons disease. J Neural Transm. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0259-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedláčková S, Rektorová I, Srovnalová H, Rektor I (2009b) Effect of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on reaction time, clinical features and cognitive functions in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 116(9):1093–1101

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shabbir A, Shahzad M, Ali A, Zia-ur-Rehman M (2014) Anti-arthritic activity of N′-[(2, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) methylidene]-2-(3, 4-dimethyl-5, 5-dioxidopyrazolo [4, 3-c][1, 2] benzothiazin-1 (4H)-yl) acetohydrazide. Eur J Pharmacol 738:263–272

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shabbir A, Shahzad M, Ali A, Zia-ur-Rehman M (2016) Discovery of new benzothiazine derivative as modulator of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation 39(6):1918–1929

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shabbir A, Batool SA, Basheer MI, Shahzad M, Sultana K, Tareen RB, Iqbal J (2018) Ziziphora clinopodioides ameliorated rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory paw edema in different models of acute and chronic inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 97:1710–1721

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shazia A, Afgan F (1997) Two new pregnane-type steroidal alkaloids from Sarcococca saligna. Phytochemistry 46(4):771–775

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Nair V, Gupta Y (2011) Antiarthritic activity of Majoon Suranjan (a polyherbal Unani formulation) in rat. Indian J Med Res 134(3):384

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Talwar S, Nandakumar K, Nayak PG, Bansal P, Mudgal J, Mor V et al (2011) Anti-inflammatory activity of Terminalia paniculata bark extract against acute and chronic inflammation in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 134(2):323–328

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uttra AM, Hasan UH (2017) Anti-arthritic activity of aqueous-methanolic extract and various fractions of Berberis orthobotrys Bien ex Aitch. BMC Complement Altern Med 17(1):1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Uttra AM, Shahzad M, Shabbir A, Jahan S (2018) Ephedra gerardiana aqueous ethanolic extract and fractions attenuate Freund Complete Adjuvant induced arthritis in Sprague Dawley rats by downregulating PGE2, COX2, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-kB and upregulating IL-4 and IL-10. J Ethnopharmacol 224:482–496

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uttra AM, Shahzad M, Shabbir A, Jahan S, Bukhari IA, Assiri AM (2019) Ribes orientale: a novel therapeutic approach targeting rheumatoid arthritis with reference to pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines. J Ethnopharmacol 237:92–107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshino T, Kusunoki N, Tanaka N, Kaneko K, Kusunoki Y, Endo H et al (2011) Elevated serum levels of resistin, leptin, and adiponectin are associated with C-reactive protein and also other clinical conditions in rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med 50(4):269–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yousuf M, Nobi M (2011) A new method to remove noise in magnetic resonance and ultrasound images. J Sci Res 3(1):81–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Yu Y, Li J, Guan Y, Huang J, Wang Z et al (2018) Anti-arthritic activities of ethanol extracts of Circaea mollis Sieb. & Zucc. (whole plant) in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 225:359–366

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng C-J, Zhao X-X, Ai H-W, Lin B, Han T, Jiang Y-P et al (2014) Therapeutic effects of standardized Vitex negundo seeds extract on complete Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Phytomedicine 21(6):838–846

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu S, Li J, Bing Y, Yan W, Zhu Y, Xia B, Chen M (2015) Diet-induced hyperhomocysteinaemia increases intestinal inflammation in an animal model of colitis. J Crohns Colitis 9(9):708–719

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu H, Liang Q-H, Xiong X-G, Wang Y, Zhang Z-H, Sun M-J et al (2018) Anti-inflammatory effects of p-coumaric acid, a natural compound of Oldenlandia diffusa, on arthritis model rats. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5198594

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Maryam Farrukh, Uzma Saleem & Maria Manan

  2. Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Qasim

  3. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ajmal Shah

Authors
  1. Maryam Farrukh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Uzma Saleem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Muhammad Qasim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maria Manan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Muhammad Ajmal Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Uzma Saleem or Muhammad Ajmal Shah.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Farrukh, M., Saleem, U., Qasim, M. et al. Sarcococca saligna extract attenuates formaldehyde-induced arthritis in Wistar rats via modulation of pro-inflammatory and inflammatory biomarkers. Inflammopharmacol 30, 579–597 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-00929-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-022-00929-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation